pulse2percept

pulse2percept: A Python-based simulation framework for bionic vision

Globally, an estimated 43 million people are blind, with limited treatment options available for many causes of vision loss. For certain conditions, visual neuroprostheses - such as retinal and cortical implants - may be the only viable intervention.

However, understanding the perceptual experience generated by these devices remains a significant challenge. The artificial vision they provide is shaped by complex interactions between neural stimulation, underlying neurophysiology, and device-specific parameters.

pulse2percept (p2p) is an open-source Python package that offers spatiotemporal models of common retinal and cortical implants, providing a computational framework to simulate and study artificial vision.

(left: input stimulus, right: predicted percept)

Simulations such as the above are likely to be critical for providing realistic estimates of prosthetic vision, thus providing regulatory bodies with guidance into what sort of visual tests are appropriate for evaluating prosthetic performance, and improving current and future technology.

If you use p2p in a scholarly publication, please cite as:

M Beyeler, GM Boynton, I Fine, A Rokem (2017). pulse2percept: A Python-based simulation framework for bionic vision. Proceedings of the 16th Python in Science Conference (SciPy), p.81-88, doi:10.25080/shinma-7f4c6e7-00c.

Installation

To install the stable release of p2p, run:

pip install pulse2percept

pip installs NumPy and the other dependencies for you, and will only select a release that supports the Python version you are running (see Compatibility and Building from Source below).

We publish prebuilt wheels on PyPI for 64-bit Linux (manylinux, x86-64), macOS 11 and later (both Apple silicon and Intel), and 64-bit Windows. These wheels are not tied to a particular distribution or OS release beyond those minimums. You can find the full documentation here.

Compatibility and Building from Source

We do not publish wheels for 32-bit platforms or for musl-based distributions such as Alpine Linux. While other platforms are not explicitly supported, you may still be able to run p2p with minimal modifications: if pip does not find a prebuilt wheel for your system, it will attempt to install from source.

Supported Python versions:

Python	3.13	3.12	3.11	3.10	3.9	3.8	3.7	3.6	3.5
p2p 0.9.1	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
p2p 0.9		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
p2p 0.8				Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
p2p 0.7					Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
p2p 0.6						Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

Our GitHub Action Runners build and test p2p on the ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, and macos-latest images, on every Python version listed for the current release above. Those labels track whatever image GitHub currently ships, so the exact OS releases we test against change over time.

Upgrading and Uninstalling

To upgrade p2p to the latest stable version:

pip install -U pulse2percept

To uninstall:

pip uninstall pulse2percept -y

Installing the Bleeding-Edge Version

If you want to install the latest development version from source, make sure you have a C compiler available (see the note above), then run:

pip install git+https://github.com/pulse2percept/pulse2percept

For more details, see our Installation Guide.

If you encounter issues, check our Issue Tracker on GitHub for solutions or contribute fixes for unsupported platforms.

Where to go from here

Have a look at some code examples from our Example Gallery.
Familiarize yourself with visual implants, electrical stimuli, and our computational models.
Check the FAQ to see if your question has already been answered.
Request features or report bugs on our Issue Tracker on GitHub.

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Download the file for your platform. If you're not sure which to choose, learn more about installing packages.

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pulse2percept 0.9.1

pulse2percept: A Python-based simulation framework for bionic vision

Installation

Compatibility and Building from Source

Upgrading and Uninstalling

Installing the Bleeding-Edge Version

Where to go from here

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