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CNC machine controller

Project description

Build Status

PyCNC is a free open-source high-performance G-code interpreter and CNC/3D-printer controller. It can run on a variety of Linux-powered ARM-based boards, such as Raspberry Pi, Odroid, Beaglebone and others. This gives you a flexibility to pick a board you are most familiar with, and use everything Linux has to offer, while keeping all your G-code runtime on the same board without a need to have a separate microcontroller for real-time operation. Our choice of Python as main programming language significantly reduces code base compared to C/C++ projects, reduces boilerplate and microcontroller-specific code, and makes the project accessible to a broader audience to tinker with.

Realtime Motor Control in Linux?

Typically there is no way to control stepper motors from Linux runtime environment due to the lack of real time GPIO control. Even kernel based modules can not guarantee precise control of pulses for steppers. However, we can use a separate hardware module, DMA (Direct Memory Access) which provides high precision for GPIO outputs. This module can copy bytes which represent GPIO states from RAM buffer directly to GPIO with some clock based on main chip internal oscillator without using CPU’s cores. Using such approach this project generates impulses for moving stepper motors and that is very precise way regardless CPU load and OS time jitter.
This approach also allows to use Python language for this project. Typically, Python is not good choice for real time application, but since project just needs to set up DMA buffers and hardware will do the rest, Python become the perfect choice for easy development of this project.
Video demo - YouTube video
And the original video when PyCNC was just a prototype YouTube video

Current gcode and features support

  • Commands G0, G1, G2, G3, G4, G17, G18, G19, G20, G21, G28, G53, G90, G91, G92, M2, M3, M5, M30, M84, M104, M105, M106, M107, M109, M114, M140, M190 are supported. Commands can be easily added, see gmachine.py file.

  • Four axis are supported - X, Y, Z, E.

  • Circular interpolation for XY, ZX, YZ planes is supported.

  • Spindle with rpm control is supported.

  • Extruder and bed heaters are supported.

  • Hardware watchdog.

Watchdog

PyCNC uses one of DMA channels as hardware watchdog for safety purpose. If board, OS or PyCNC hangs this watchdog should disable all GPIO pins(by switching them into input state, for RPi this would be GPIO0-29) in 15 seconds. Since there is a high current and dangerous devices like heated bed, extruder heater, this feature should prevent uncontrollable overheating. But don’t count on such software features too much, they can hang too or output MOSFET become shorted, use hardware protection like thermal cutoff switches in your machines.

Hardware

Currently, this project supports Raspberry Pi 1-3. Developed and tested with RPI3. And there is a way to add new boards. See hal.py file.
Note: Current Raspberry Pi implementation uses the same resources as on board 3.5 mm jack(PWM module), so do not use it. HDMI audio works.

Config

All configs are stored in config.py and contain hardware properties, limitations and pin names for hardware control.
Raspberry Pi implementation should be connected to A4988, DRV8825 or any other stepper motor drivers with DIR and STEP pin inputs. Default config is created for Raspberry Pi 2-3 and this wiring config:

Circuit name

RPi pin name

RAMPSv1.4 board pin name

Note

X step

GPIO21

A0

X dir

GPIO20

A1

steppers enable

GPIO26

A2, A8, D24, D34, D38

all steppers

Y step

GPIO16

A6

Y dir

GPIO19

A7

Z dir

GPIO13

D48

Z step

GPIO12

D46

E1 step

GPIO6

D36

reserve

E1 dir

GPIO5

D34

reserve

E0 dir

GPIO7

D28

E0 step

GPIO8

D26

Z max

GPIO11

D19

Z min

GPIO25

D18

Y max

GPIO9

D15

Y min

GPIO10

D14

X max

GPIO24

D2

X min

GPIO23

D3

heater bed

GPIO22

D8

heater 2

GPIO27

D9

uses for fan

heater 1

GPIO18

D10

ser 1

GPIO17

D11

reserve

ser 2

GPIO15

D6

reserve

ser 3

GPIO4

D5

reserve

ser 4

GPIO14

D4

reserve

I2C SCL

GPIO3

to ads111x

I2C SDA

GPIO2

to ads111x

ads1115 ch0

A15

heater 2 - nc

ads1115 ch1

A14

bed sensor

ads1115 ch2

A13

extruder sensor

ads1115 ch3

not connected

So having Raspberry Pi connected this way, there is no need to configure pin map for project. RAMPS v1.4 board can be used for this purpose. Full reference circuit diagram and photos of assembled controller(click to enlarge):
circuit small sample front small sample back small sample mounted small

Usage

Just clone this repo and run ./pycnc from repo root. It will start in interactive terminal mode where gcode commands can be entered manually.
To run file with gcode commands, just run ./pycnc filename.
Optionally, pycnc can be installed. Run
sudo pip install .

in repo root directory to install it. After than, pycnc command will be added to system path. To remove installation, just run:

sudo pip remove pycnc

Performance notice

Pure Python interpreter would not provide great performance for high speed machines. Overspeeding setting causes motors mispulses and probably lose of trajectory. According to my tests, Raspberry Pi 2 can handle axises with 400 pulses on mm with top velocity ~800 mm per min. There is always way out! :) Use JIT Python implementation like PyPy. RPi2 can handle up to 18000 mm per minute on the machine with 80 steps per millimeter motors with PyPy.
Note: Raspbian has outdated PyPy version in repositories(v4.0). Moreover v4.0 has issue with ``mmap`` module implementation. Use PyPy v5.0+, download it for your OS from `here <https://pypy.org/download.html>`__.
PyPy installation:
wget wget https://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/downloads/pypy2-v5.7.1-linux-armhf-raspbian.tar.bz2
sudo mkdir /opt/pypy
sudo tar xvf pypy2-v5.7.1-linux-armhf-raspbian.tar.bz2 --directory /opt/pypy/ --strip-components=1
sudo ln -s /opt/pypy/bin/pypy /usr/local/bin/pypy

Project architecture

Dependencies

Nothing for runtime. Just pure Python code. For uploading to PyPi there is a need in pandoc:

sudo dnf install pandoc
sudo pip install pypandoc

GCode simulation

Just a link, mostly for myself :), to a nice web software for gcode files emulation (very helpful for manual creating of gcode files): https://nraynaud.github.io/webgcode/

License

see LICENSE file.

Author

Nikolay Khabarov

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