depin

Type-first dependency injection for Python 3.12+.

Documentation: https://andrelopes-code.github.io/depin/ · PyPI: pydepin

• Resolution driven by type hints; Protocol and Annotated are first-class.
• Build-time validation: Container.freeze() catches missing providers, cycles, lifetime violations, and async/sync mismatches before anything runs.
• Full async/sync coverage: classes, sync/async factories, generators, async generators, @(a)contextmanager, instance context managers.
• Safe to share across threads and tasks: a singleton is built exactly once under contention, and scopes are isolated per contextvars.Context.
• Every failure is a DepinError. No stray TypeError from the middle of the library.
• A public integration contract: Host, hosted_container, and a version constant. Every integration depin ships is written on it, and so is any integration you write yourself — no depin._core import required. Writing an integration.
• Optional web integrations for FastAPI, Starlette, Litestar and Flask, built on the framework-free depin.ext.asgi and depin.ext.wsgi middlewares that any other ASGI or WSGI framework can install directly. The core has zero runtime dependencies.
• No # type: ignore at call sites: resolve(), frozen[key], injected(), and Inject[T] are all precisely typed under basedpyright --strict and mypy --strict.

Install

uv add pydepin                # core
uv add 'pydepin[fastapi]'     # with the FastAPI integration
uv add 'pydepin[starlette]'   # with the Starlette integration
uv add 'pydepin[litestar]'    # with the Litestar integration
uv add 'pydepin[flask]'       # with the Flask integration
uv add 'pydepin[pytest]'      # with the tested pytest floor enforced

depin.ext.asgi and depin.ext.wsgi are the framework-free middlewares those four specialise; they import no third-party package and need no extra.

The depin.ext.pytest fixtures are registered on the pytest11 entry point by the distribution, so plain pydepin already provides them; the pytest extra only states the pytest version the plugin is tested against.

Requires Python 3.12+. The distribution is pydepin; the import package is depin.

Quickstart

from typing import Annotated

from depin import Container, Token

db_url = Token[str]('db.url')


class Database:
    def __init__(self, url: str) -> None:
        self.url = url


def open_db(url: Annotated[str, db_url]) -> Database:
    return Database(url)


class UserRepo:
    def __init__(self, db: Database) -> None:
        self.db = db


di = Container().value(db_url, 'postgres://...').bind(open_db, provides=Database).bind(UserRepo).freeze()

repo = di[UserRepo]

Scope.SINGLETON is the default, so most bindings need nothing but bind.

The three stages

Lifetimes

A provider that owns a resource is written as a generator — everything after the yield is its teardown:

def checkout(pool: Pool) -> Generator[Connection]:
    conn = pool.acquire()
    yield conn
    pool.release(conn)


di = Container().bind(checkout, scope=Scope.SCOPED).freeze()

with di.scope():
    conn = di[Connection]  # built here, released when the block ends

Read Lifetimes and scopes for nesting, captive dependencies, and shutdown.

Cookbook

Runnable code lives in examples/; each one is executed by the test suite.

• Tokens for values: Token[str]('db.url'), resolved via di[token].

• Registries for composition: Container(infra, services).freeze().

• Protocols: @provides(Store) on the implementation, then di.resolve(Store).

• Aliases for a second name on one binding: di.alias(Store, to=PostgresStore), with no second instance.

• Tags when several implementations share a key: di.resolve(Cache, tag='primary').

• Optional dependencies for a parameter that may go unbound: def __init__(self, metrics: MetricsSink | None): ..., resolved to None.

• Collections for plugin points: di.collect(Handler, [EmailHandler, SmsHandler]), injected as def __init__(self, handlers: list[Handler]): ....

• Scope-supplied values: di.scope_value(Request), filled by middleware with frame.provide(Request, request).

• Overrides for tests: with di.override(Database, FakeDB()): ....

• Function injection with @di.inject: parameters whose default is injected(...) are filled from the container, the rest are passed by the caller:

  @di.inject
  def handler(uid: int, repo: UserRepo = injected(UserRepo)) -> User:
      return repo.get(uid)
  
  
  handler(uid=1)  # repo injected; call site stays type-clean
  

FastAPI

from fastapi import FastAPI

from depin import Container, Scope
from depin.ext.fastapi import Inject, RequestScope

di = Container().bind(UserService, scope=Scope.SCOPED).freeze()

app = FastAPI()
app.add_middleware(RequestScope, container=di)


@app.get('/users/{uid}')
async def get_user(uid: int, svc: Inject[UserService]) -> User:
    return await svc.get(uid)

Inject[T] is a type-level shortcut: the parameter's static type is T, while at runtime Inject[T] resolves to Annotated[T, Depends(...)] so FastAPI picks up the dependency from the annotation. No default-value calls, no # noqa: B008 waivers.

RequestScope runs as pure ASGI middleware, so streaming responses, SSE, and WebSockets pass through unbuffered. Scoped providers may declare Request to read headers, URL, cookies, and state — but it is metadata-only: the request body belongs to the route's typed parameters, and reading it from a provider raises rather than racing the handler's own parsing.

Full walkthrough: FastAPI guide.

Caveats

• Nested scopes inherit. A SCOPED instance resolved in an outer scope is reused inside a nested scope, not rebuilt. Open sibling scopes for independent instances.
• A consumer built before the override keeps its old value. override() replaces the key immediately, even for a singleton already built — but a consumer resolved earlier keeps the instance it was given. Call reset() to evict it, or use the depin.ext.pytest fixtures, which call reset() for you.
• @di.inject uses default-position markers. An injected parameter carries an injected(...) default, so it must follow non-default parameters or be keyword-only (a normal Python rule). Unlike provider constructors, which resolve from type hints and Annotated[...], @inject fills only marked parameters and validates them at decoration time, raising MissingProviderError immediately if a marked key is unregistered.

Project status

Beta, pre-1.0. CI enforces ruff, basedpyright --strict, mypy --strict, the full test suite with its embedded doctests, and a 95% coverage floor, on Python 3.12–3.14 across Linux, macOS, and Windows, plus the free-threaded builds of 3.13 and 3.14. See the support policy. Releases are published from CI via PyPI Trusted Publishing. Minor releases may still contain breaking changes until 1.0; those are marked in the changelog.

Development

uv sync --all-extras
uv run ruff format
uv run ruff check
uv run basedpyright
uv run mypy
uv run pytest

The five commands above are the gates every change must pass. See CONTRIBUTING.md for the full workflow and AGENTS.md for the repository conventions that contributors — human or agent — are expected to follow.

Contributing

Contributions are welcome. Read CONTRIBUTING.md for the development setup, the five gates, and commit conventions; all participants are expected to follow the Code of Conduct. To report a vulnerability, follow the security policy.

License

MIT © André Lopes