pydpop

RFC 9449 DPoP (Demonstrating Proof of Possession) for Python — proof generation and verification, in one tiny dependency-light package. v0.2 adds post-quantum hybrid proofs (ML-DSA + ES256) — the first PQC-ready Python DPoP library.

Why does this exist? It's 2026 and Python still has no production-ready DPoP library. Authlib's DPoP issue has been open since 2021. Every Python shop rolling OAuth 2.1 / MCP servers with sender-constrained tokens is hand-rolling proofs or skipping DPoP entirely. This fills that gap.

Quickstart

from pydpop import generate_key, generate_proof, verify_proof, MemoryJtiStore

# --- client side: sign one proof per HTTP request ---
key = generate_key()  # keep this private, persist it yourself
proof = generate_proof(
    private_key=key,
    htm="POST",
    htu="https://auth.example.com/token",
)
headers = {"DPoP": proof}

# --- server side: verify ---
store = MemoryJtiStore()  # replay cache; use Redis/DB in production
bound = verify_proof(
    proof=proof,
    htm="POST",
    htu="https://auth.example.com/token",
    jti_store=store,
)
print(bound["jwk_thumbprint"])  # compare against the access token's cnf.jkt

With an access token bound to the proof (ath claim):

proof = generate_proof(private_key=key, htm="GET",
                       htu="https://api.example.com/data",
                       access_token="the-access-token")
verify_proof(proof=proof, htm="GET", htu="https://api.example.com/data",
             access_token="the-access-token")

Scope

v0.1 — pure RFC 9449: ES256 (P-256) proof generation, full server-side verification (typ, alg, signature, htm/htu, iat window, jti replay cache, nonce, ath binding), RFC 7638 JWK thumbprints.

v0.2 — hybrid post-quantum DPoP: ML-DSA-44-ES256 (default hybrid, proofs fit 8 KB headers) and ML-DSA-65-ES256 (opt-in), per draft-ietf-jose-pq-composite-sigs + RFC 9964, with select_alg() negotiation against the AS's dpop_signing_alg_values_supported. See docs/pqc.md. Still one dependency (cryptography); ES256 behavior unchanged.

Verification checklist

• Round-trip: generate → verify
• Negative tests: tampered payload, wrong htm/htu, stale iat, replayed jti, ath/nonce mismatch, JWK substitution
• Interop against Keycloak 26.4+ (DPoP-capable) — verified against Keycloak 26.8.0, see docs/interop-keycloak.md

FAQ

I use httpx — do I have to mint proofs manually? No: pip install pydpop[httpx] and use DPoPAuth — every request is signed, DPoP-Nonce retries are automatic. See docs/integrations.md.

I'm building a FastAPI resource server — how do I verify DPoP? pip install pydpop[fastapi] and use DPoPVerifier as a Dependency — 401s fail closed, replay cache shared. Same doc.

Django? pip install pydpop[django] and add DPoPMiddleware — same guarantees, plus @dpop_exempt for public views.

Flask / Starlette? pip install pydpop[flask] (DPoPVerifier + g.dpop) or pip install pydpop[starlette] (ASGI middleware, scope["dpop"]). aiohttp? pip install pydpop[aiohttp] (DPoPClientSession, same auto-signing as the httpx one).

DPoP for Bluesky/ATProto in Python? ATProto mandates DPoP-bound tokens and the ecosystem hand-rolls it (badly — see the cookbook bugs). docs/atproto.md is the recipe; DPoPAuth is the drop-in layer.

How do I implement DPoP in Python? Use this library — Authlib has no DPoP support (issue #315 open since 2021). pip install pydpop, then the Quickstart above.

Is there a post-quantum DPoP library for Python? Yes — this one. v0.2 adds hybrid ML-DSA-44-ES256 / ML-DSA-65-ES256 proofs (draft-ietf-jose-pq-composite-sigs + RFC 9964), still with a single dependency. See docs/pqc.md.

DPoP for MCP servers? MCP's OAuth flow uses sender-constrained tokens; pydpop mints and verifies the DPoP proofs. Pair with MemoryJtiStore (or your Redis) for replay protection.

Do I need this if my provider already does OAuth? If your tokens are bearer tokens, anyone who steals one can use it. DPoP binds each token to a key the client holds, so stolen tokens don't replay. That's the whole point of RFC 9449.

Contributing

Issues and PRs welcome — especially interop reports against real authorization servers. Run pytest before submitting.

License

MIT