pyflyby 1.11.0

pyflyby - Python development productivity tools, in particular automatic import management

Pyflyby is a set of Python programming productivity tools for Python.

For command-line interaction:

• py: command-line multitool

For IPython interaction:

• autoimporter: automatically imports symbols when needed.

For editing python source code:

• tidy-imports: adds missing ‘import’s, removes unused ‘import’s, and also reformats import blocks.

• find-import: prints to stdout how to import a particular symbol.

• reformat-imports: reformats import blocks

• collect-imports: prints out all the imports in a given set of files.

• collect-exports: prints out definitions in a given set of modules, in the form of import statements.

• transform-imports: renames imported modules/functions.

Learn more about Pyflyby in this blog post.

Installation

$ pip install pyflyby

This creates an alias for your ipython named py which runs the pyflyby plug internally.

pyflyby has a dependency on ipython, if it isn’t already installed do install it with:

$ pip install ipython

Quick start: Autoimporter + IPython

$ py
In [1]: re.search("[a-z]+", "....hello...").group(0)
[PYFLYBY] import re
Out[1]: 'hello'

In [2]: scoreatpercentile(arange(5), 50)
[PYFLYBY] from numpy import arange
[PYFLYBY] from scipy.stats import scoreatpercentile
Out[2]: 2.0

To load pyflyby into an existing IPython session as a 1-off:

$ ipython
In [1]: %load_ext pyflyby

To configure IPython/Jupyter Notebook to load pyflyby automatically:

$ py pyflyby.install_in_ipython_config_file

or

$ echo 'c.InteractiveShellApp.extensions.append("pyflyby")' \
  >> ~/.ipython/profile_default/ipython_config.py

$ ipython
In [1]: b64decode('aGVsbG8=')
[PYFLYBY] from base64 import b64decode
Out[1]: b'hello'

Auto importer lazy variables

It is possible to use the autoimporter to lazily define variables.

To use, put the following in your IPython startup files (~/.ipython/profile_default/startup/autoimp.py), or in your IPython configuration file:

from pyflyby import add_import

add_import("foo", "foo = 1")

add_import(
    "df, data as dd",
    '''
    import pandas as pd
    data = [1,2,3]
    df =  pd.DataFrame(data)
''')

You can add the keyword strict=False to not fail if not in IPython or of the pyflyby extensions is not loaded.

Quick start: py command-line multi-tool

$ py b64decode aGVsbG8=
[PYFLYBY] from base64 import b64decode
[PYFLYBY] b64decode('aGVsbG8=', altchars=None)
b'hello'

$ py log2 sys.maxsize
[PYFLYBY] from numpy import log2
[PYFLYBY] import sys
[PYFLYBY] log2(9223372036854775807)
63.0

$ py 'plot(cos(arange(30)))'
[PYFLYBY] from numpy import arange
[PYFLYBY] from numpy import cos
[PYFLYBY] from matplotlib.pyplot import plot
[PYFLYBY] plot(cos(arange(30)))
<plot>

$ py 38497631 / 13951446
2.7594007818257693

$ py foo.py

Quick start: tidy-imports

To use tidy-imports, just specify the filename(s) to tidy.

For example:

$ echo 're.search("[a-z]+", "....hello..."), scoreatpercentile(arange(5), 50)' > foo.py

$ tidy-imports foo.py
--- /tmp/foo.py
+++ /tmp/foo.py
@@ -1 +1,5 @@
+from   numpy                    import arange
+from   scipy.stats              import scoreatpercentile
+import re
+
 re.search("[a-z]+", "....hello..."), scoreatpercentile(arange(5), 50)

Replace /tmp/foo.py? [y/N]

To exclude a file, use –exclude <pattern>.

Local imports

By default, tidy-imports only touches top-level import statements. To also tidy imports inside function and class bodies (removing unused local imports), use the --tidy-local-imports flag:

$ tidy-imports --tidy-local-imports foo.py

You can make this the default for a project via pyproject.toml (see Per-Project configuration of tidy-imports).

Ignoring specific imports

To keep a particular import that would otherwise be removed as unused, add the # tidy-imports: ignore-import comment pragma to that line:

import os  # tidy-imports: ignore-import

This works for both top-level and local imports, and for from style imports:

from mypackage import _setup_hooks  # tidy-imports: ignore-import

def foo():
    import pdb  # tidy-imports: ignore-import
    ...

Quick start: import libraries

Create a file named .pyflyby with lines such as

from mypackage.mymodule import MyClass, my_function
import anotherpackage.anothermodule

You can put this file in your home directory or in the same directory as your *.py files.

Details: automatic imports

AUTOMATIC IMPORTS - never type “import” again!

This module allows your “known imports” to work automatically in your IPython interactive session without having to type the ‘import’ statements (and also without having to slow down your Python startup with imports you only use occasionally).

Example:

In [1]: re.search("[a-z]+", "....hello...").group(0)
[PYFLYBY] import re
Out[1]: 'hello'

In [2]: scoreatpercentile(arange(5), 50)
[PYFLYBY] from numpy import arange
[PYFLYBY] from scipy.stats import scoreatpercentile
Out[2]: 2.0

In [3]: np.sin(arandom(5))
[PYFLYBY] from numpy.random import random as arandom
[PYFLYBY] import numpy as np
Out[3]: [ 0.0282  0.0603  0.4653  0.8371  0.3347]

In [4]: isinstance(42, Number)
[PYFLYBY] from numbers import Number
Out[4]: True

It just works

Tab completion works, even on modules that are not yet imported. In the following example, notice that numpy is imported when we need to know its members, and only then:

$ ipython
In [1]: nump<TAB>
In [1]: numpy
In [1]: numpy.arang<TAB>
[PYFLYBY] import numpy
In [1]: numpy.arange

The IPython “?” magic help (pinfo/pinfo2) automatically imports symbols first if necessary:

$ ipython
In [1]: arange?
[PYFLYBY] from numpy import arange
... Docstring: arange([start,] stop[, step,], dtype=None) ...

Other IPython magic commands work as well:

$ ipython
In [1]: %timeit np.cos(pi)
[PYFLYBY] import numpy as np
[PYFLYBY] from numpy import pi
100000 loops, best of 3: 2.51 us per loop

$ echo 'print(arange(4))' > foo.py
$ ipython
In [1]: %run foo.py
[PYFLYBY] from numpy import arange
[0 1 2 3]

Warning

Auto-import on Tab completion requires IPython 9.3 or newer.

Implementation details

The automatic importing happens at parse time, before code is executed. The namespace never contains entries for names that are not yet imported.

This method of importing at parse time contrasts with previous implementations of automatic importing that use proxy objects. Those implementations using proxy objects don’t work as well, because it is impossible to make proxy objects behave perfectly. For example, instance(x, T) will return the wrong answer if either x or T is a proxy object.

Details: import libraries

Pyflyby uses “import libraries” that tell how to import a given symbol.

An import library file is simply a python source file containing ‘import’ (or ‘from … import …’) lines. These can be generated automatically with collect-imports and collect-exports.

Known imports

Find-imports, tidy-imports, and autoimport consult the database of known imports to figure out where to get an import. For example, if the imports database contains:

from numpy import arange, nan

then when you type the following in IPython:

print(arange(10))

the autoimporter would automatically execute from numpy import arange.

The database can be one file or multiple files. This makes it easy to have project-specific known_imports along with global and per-user defaults.

The PYFLYBY_PATH environment variable specifies which files to read. This is a colon-separated list of filenames or directory names. The default is:

PYFLYBY_PATH=/etc/pyflyby:~/.pyflyby:.../.pyflyby

If you set:

PYFLYBY_PATH=/foo1/bar1:/foo2/bar2

then this replaces the default.

You can use a hyphen to include the default in the path. If you set:

PYFLYBY_PATH=/foo1/bar1:-:/foo2/bar2

then this reads /foo1/bar1, then the default locations, then /foo2/bar2.

In $PYFLYBY_PATH, .../.pyflyby (with _three_ dots) means that all ancestor directories are searched for a member named “.pyflyby”.

For example, suppose the following files exist:

/etc/pyflyby/stuff.py
/u/quarl/.pyflyby/blah1.py
/u/quarl/.pyflyby/more/blah2.py
/proj/share/mypythonstuff/.pyflyby
/proj/share/mypythonstuff/foo/bar/.pyflyby/baz.py
/.pyflyby

Further, suppose:

• /proj is on a separate file system from /.

• $HOME=/u/quarl

Then tidy-imports /proj/share/mypythonstuff/foo/bar/quux/zot.py will by default use the following:

/etc/pyflyby/stuff.py
/u/quarl/.pyflyby/blah1.py
/u/quarl/.pyflyby/more/blah2.py
/proj/share/mypythonstuff/foo/bar/.pyflyby/baz.py
/proj/share/mypythonstuff/.pyflyby (a file)

Note

• /.pyflyby is not included, because traversal stops at file system boundaries, and in this example, /proj is on a different file system than /.

• .pyflyby (in $HOME or near the target file) can be a file or a directory. If it is a directory, then it is recursively searched for *.py files.

• The order usually doesn’t matter, but if there are “forget” instructions (see below), then the order matters. In the default $PYFLYBY_PATH, …/.pyflyby is placed last so that per-directory configuration can override per-user configuration, which can override systemwide configuration.

Forgetting imports

Occasionally you may have reason to tell pyflyby to “forget” entries from the database of known imports.

You can put the following in any file reachable from $PYFLYBY_PATH:

__forget_imports__ = ["from numpy import nan"]

This is useful if you want to use a set of imports maintained by someone else except for a few particular imports.

Entries in $PYFLYBY_PATH are processed left-to-right in the order specified, so put the files containing these at the end of your $PYFLYBY_PATH. By default, tidy-imports and friends process /etc/pyflyby, then ~/.pyflyby, then the per-directory .pyflyby.

Mandatory imports

Within a certain project you may have a policy to always include certain imports. For example, maybe you always want to do from __future__ import division in all files.

You can put the following in any file reachable from $PYFLYBY_PATH:

__mandatory_imports__ = ["from __future__ import division"]

To undo mandatory imports inherited from other .pyflyby files, use __forget_imports__ (see above).

Canonicalize imports

Sometimes you want every run of tidy-imports to automatically rename an import to a new name.

You can put the following in any file reachable from $PYFLYBY_PATH:

__canonical_imports__ = {"oldmodule.oldfunction": "newmodule.newfunction"}

This is equivalent to running:

tidy-imports --transform=oldmodule.oldfunction=newmodule.newfunction

Soapbox: avoid “star” imports

When programming in Python, a good software engineering practice is to avoid using from foopackage import * in production code.

This style is a maintenance nightmare:

• It becomes difficult to figure out where various symbols (functions/classes/etc) come from.

• It’s hard to tell what gets shadowed by what.

• When the package changes in trivial ways, your code will be affected. Consider the following example: Suppose foopackage.py contains import sys, and myprogram.py contains from foopackage import *; if some_condition: sys.exit(0). If foopackage.py changes so that import sys is removed, myprogram.py is now broken because it’s missing import sys.

To fix such code, you can run tidy-imports --replace-star-imports to automatically replace star imports with the specific needed imports.

Per-Project configuration of tidy-imports

You can configure Pyflyby on a per-repository basis by using the [tool.pyflyby] section of pyproject.toml files. Pyflyby will look in current working directory and all it’s parent until it find a pyproject.toml file from which it will load the defaults.

Most of the long command line flags default values can be configured in this section. Simply use the long form option name by replacing dashes - by underscore _. For long option that have the form --xxx and --no-xxx, you can assign a boolean to xxx. For example:

.. code:: toml

[tool.pyflyby] add_missing=true from_spaces=7 remove_unused=false tidy_local_imports=true

To exclude files from tidy-imports, add an exclusion pattern to tool.pyflyby.tidy-imports.exclude:

[tool.pyflyby.tidy-imports]
exclude = [
    "foo.py",
    "baz/*.py"
]

Exclusions are assumed to be relative to the project root if a pyproject.toml exists, unless an absolute path is specified. Consult the documentation for pathlib.Path.match for information about valid exclusion patterns.

Emacs support

• To get a M-x tidy-imports command in GNU Emacs, add to your ~/.emacs:

  (load "/<site-packages>/pyflyby/share/emacs/site-lisp/pyflyby.el")

• Pyflyby.el doesn’t yet work with XEmacs; patches welcome.

saveframe: A utility for debugging / reproducing an issue

PyFlyBy provides a utility named saveframe which can be used to save information for debugging / reproducing an issue.

Usage: If you have a piece of code or a script that is failing due an issue originating from upstream code, and you cannot share your private code as a reproducer, use this utility to save relevant information to a file. Share the generated file with the upstream team, enabling them to reproduce and diagnose the issue independently.

Information saved in the file: This utility captures and saves error stack frames to a file. It includes the values of local variables from each stack frame, as well as metadata about each frame and the exception raised by your code.

This utility comes with 2 interfaces:

1. A function: For interactive usages such as IPython, Jupyter Notebook, or a debugger (pdb/ipdb), use pyflyby.saveframe function. To know how to use this function, checkout it’s documentation:

In [1]: saveframe?

2. A script: For cli usages (like a failing script), use pyflyby/bin/saveframe script. To know how to use this script, checkout its documentation:

$ saveframe --help

Authorship

This plugin was contributed back to the community by the D. E. Shaw group.

Pyflyby is written by Karl Chen <[e-mail]>

We love contributions! Before you can contribute, please sign and submit this Contributor License Agreement (CLA). This CLA is in place to protect all users of this project.

License

Pyflyby is released under a very permissive license, the MIT/X11 license; see LICENSE.txt.

Release

1. Check version number in lib/python/pyflyby/_version.py, maybe increase it.

2. Commit and tag if necessary, and push tags/commits.

3. Optional: Set SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH for reproducible build:

   export SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH=$(git show -s --format=%ct HEAD)

4. Build the SDIST:

   python -m build --sdist

5. Optional Repack the Sdist to make sure the ZIP only contain SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH date using IPython tools:

   python ~/dev/ipython/tools/retar.py dist/pyflyby-1.7.8.tar.gz
   shasum -a 256 dist/*

6. Optional, redo 4 & 5 to verify checksum is unchanged.

7. Upload using twine:

   twine upload dist/*

8. Check/update https://github.com/conda-forge/pyflyby-feedstock for new pyflyby release on conda-forge