pyleri 1.2.2

Python Left-Right Parser

Python Left-Right Parser

Pyleri is an easy-to-use parser created for SiriDB. We first used lrparsing and wrote jsleri for auto-completion and suggestions in our web console. Later we found small issues within the lrparsing module and also had difficulties keeping the language the same in all projects. That is when we decided to create Pyleri which can export a created grammar to JavaScript, C, Python, Go and Java.

---

• Related projects
• Installation
• Quick usage
• Grammar
  • Grammar.parse()
  • Grammar.export_js()
  • Grammar.export_c()
  • Grammar.export_go()
  • Grammar.export_java()
  • Grammar.export_py()
• Elements
  • Keyword
  • Regex
  • Token
  • Tokens
  • Sequence
  • Choice
  • Repeat
  • List
  • Optional
  • Ref
  • Prio

---

Related projects

• jsleri: JavaScript parser
• libcleri: C parser
• goleri: Go parser
• jleri: Java parser

Installation

The easiest way is to use PyPI:

sudo pip3 install pyleri

Quick usage

# Imports, note that we skip the imports in other examples...
from pyleri import (
    Grammar,
    Keyword,
    Regex,
    Sequence)

# Create a Grammar Class to define your language
class MyGrammar(Grammar):
    r_name = Regex('(?:"(?:[^"]*)")+')
    k_hi = Keyword('hi')
    START = Sequence(k_hi, r_name)

# Compile your grammar by creating an instance of the Grammar Class.
my_grammar = MyGrammar()

# Use the compiled grammar to parse 'strings'
print(my_grammar.parse('hi "Iris"').is_valid) # => True
print(my_grammar.parse('bye "Iris"').is_valid) # => False

Grammar

When writing a grammar you should subclass Grammar. A Grammar expects at least a START property so the parser knows where to start parsing. Grammar has some default properties which can be overwritten like RE_KEYWORDS and RE_WHITESPACE, which are both explained later. Grammer also has a parse method: parse(), and a few export methods: export_js(), export_c(), export_py() and export_go() which are explained below.

parse

syntax:

Grammar().parse(string)

The parse() method returns a NodeResult object which has the following properties:

• expecting: A Python set() containing elements which pyleri expects at pos. Even if is_valid is true there might be elements in this set, for example when an Optional() element could be added to the string. Expecting is useful if you want to implement things like auto-completion, syntax error handling, auto-syntax-correction etc.
• is_valid: Boolean value, True when the given string is valid, False when not valid.
• pos: Position where the parser had to stop. (when is_valid is True this value will be equal to the length of the given string with str.rstrip() applied)
• tree: Contains the parse tree. Even when is_valid is False the parse tree is returned but will only contain results as far as parsing has succeeded.

Let us take the example from Quick usage.

node_result = my_grammer.parse('bye "Iris"')
print(node_result.is_valid) # => False
print(node_result.expecting) # => {hi} => We expected Keyword 'hi' instead of bye
print(node_result.pos) # => 0 => Position in the string where we are expecting the above
print(node_result.tree) # => Node object containing the parse tree

export_js

syntax:

Grammar().export_js(
    js_module_name='jsleri',
    js_template=Grammar.JS_TEMPLATE,
    js_indent=' ' * 4)

Optional keyword arguments:

• js_module_name: Name of the JavaScript module. (default: 'jsleri')
• js_template: Template String used for the export. You might want to look at the default string which can be found at Grammar.JS_TEMPLATE.
• js_indent: indentation used in the JavaScript file. (default: 4 spaces)

For example when using our Quick usage grammar, this is the output when running my_grammar.export_js():

/* jshint newcap: false */

/*
 * This grammar is generated using the Grammar.export_js() method and
 * should be used with the jsleri JavaScript module.
 *
 * Source class: MyGrammar
 * Created at: 2015-11-04 10:06:06
 */

'use strict';

(function (
            Regex,
            Sequence,
            Keyword,
            Grammar
        ) {
    var r_name = Regex('^(?:"(?:[^"]*)")+');
    var k_hi = Keyword('hi');
    var START = Sequence(
        k_hi,
        r_name
    );

    window.MyGrammar = Grammar(START, '^\w+');

})(
    window.jsleri.Regex,
    window.jsleri.Sequence,
    window.jsleri.Keyword,
    window.jsleri.Grammar
);

export_c

syntax:

Grammar().export_c(
    target=Grammar.C_TARGET,
    c_indent=' ' * 4)

Optional keyword arguments:

• target: Name of the c module. (default: 'grammar')
• c_indent: indentation used in the c files. (default: 4 spaces)

The return value is a tuple containing the source (c) file and header (h) file.

For example when using our Quick usage grammar, this is the output when running my_grammar.export_c():

/*
 * grammar.c
 *
 * This grammar is generated using the Grammar.export_c() method and
 * should be used with the libcleri module.
 *
 * Source class: MyGrammar
 * Created at: 2016-05-09 12:16:49
 */

#include "grammar.h"
#include <stdio.h>

#define CLERI_CASE_SENSITIVE 0
#define CLERI_CASE_INSENSITIVE 1

#define CLERI_FIRST_MATCH 0
#define CLERI_MOST_GREEDY 1

cleri_grammar_t * compile_grammar(void)
{
    cleri_t * r_name = cleri_regex(CLERI_GID_R_NAME, "^(?:\"(?:[^\"]*)\")+");
    cleri_t * k_hi = cleri_keyword(CLERI_GID_K_HI, "hi", CLERI_CASE_INSENSITIVE);
    cleri_t * START = cleri_sequence(
        CLERI_GID_START,
        2,
        k_hi,
        r_name
    );

    cleri_grammar_t * grammar = cleri_grammar(START, "^\\w+");

    return grammar;
}

and the header file...

/*
 * grammar.h
 *
 * This grammar is generated using the Grammar.export_c() method and
 * should be used with the libcleri module.
 *
 * Source class: MyGrammar
 * Created at: 2016-05-09 12:16:49
 */
#ifndef CLERI_EXPORT_GRAMMAR_H_
#define CLERI_EXPORT_GRAMMAR_H_

#include <grammar.h>
#include <cleri/cleri.h>

cleri_grammar_t * compile_grammar(void);

enum cleri_grammar_ids {
    CLERI_NONE,   // used for objects with no name
    CLERI_GID_K_HI,
    CLERI_GID_R_NAME,
    CLERI_GID_START,
    CLERI_END // can be used to get the enum length
};

#endif /* CLERI_EXPORT_GRAMMAR_H_ */

export_go

syntax:

Grammar().export_go(
    go_template=Grammar.GO_TEMPLATE,
    go_indent='\t',
    go_package='grammar')

Optional keyword arguments:

• go_template: Template String used for the export. You might want to look at the default string which can be found at Grammar.GO_TEMPLATE.
• go_indent: indentation used in the Go file. (default: one tab)
• go_package: Name of the go package. (default: 'grammar')

For example when using our Quick usage grammar, this is the output when running my_grammar.export_go():

package grammar

// This grammar is generated using the Grammar.export_go() method and
// should be used with the goleri module.
//
// Source class: MyGrammar
// Created at: 2017-03-14 19:07:09

import (
        "regexp"

        "github.com/transceptor-technology/goleri"
)

// Element indentifiers
const (
        NoGid = iota
        GidKHi = iota
        GidRName = iota
        GidSTART = iota
)

// MyGrammar returns a compiled goleri grammar.
func MyGrammar() *goleri.Grammar {
        rName := goleri.NewRegex(GidRName, regexp.MustCompile(`^(?:"(?:[^"]*)")+`))
        kHi := goleri.NewKeyword(GidKHi, "hi", false)
        START := goleri.NewSequence(
                GidSTART,
                kHi,
                rName,
        )
        return goleri.NewGrammar(START, regexp.MustCompile(`^\w+`))
}

export_java

syntax:

Grammar().export_java(
    java_template=Grammar.JAVA_TEMPLATE,
    java_indent=' ' * 4,
    java_package=None,
    is_public=True)

Optional keyword arguments:

• java_template: Template String used for the export. You might want to look at the default string which can be found at Grammar.JAVA_TEMPLATE.
• java_indent: indentation used in the Java file. (default: four spaces)
• java_package: Name of the Java package or None when no package is specified. (default: None)
• is_public: Class and constructor are defined as public when True, else they will be defined as package private.

For example when using our Quick usage grammar, this is the output when running my_grammar.export_java():

/**
 * This grammar is generated using the Grammar.export_java() method and
 * should be used with the jleri module.
 *
 * Source class: MyGrammar
 * Created at: 2018-07-04 12:12:34
 */

import jleri.Grammar;
import jleri.Element;
import jleri.Sequence;
import jleri.Regex;
import jleri.Keyword;

public class MyGrammar extends Grammar {
    enum Ids {
        K_HI,
        R_NAME,
        START
    }

    private static final Element R_NAME = new Regex(Ids.R_NAME, "^(?:\"(?:[^\"]*)\")+");
    private static final Element K_HI = new Keyword(Ids.K_HI, "hi", false);
    private static final Element START = new Sequence(
        Ids.START,
        K_HI,
        R_NAME
    );

    public MyGrammar() {
        super(START, "^\\w+");
    }
}

export_py

syntax:

Grammar().export_py(
    py_module_name='pyleri',
    py_template=Grammar.PY_TEMPLATE,
    py_indent=' ' * 4)

Optional keyword arguments:

• py_module_name: Name of the Pyleri Module. (default: 'pyleri')
• py_template: Template String used for the export. You might want to look at the default string which can be found at Grammar.PY_TEMPLATE.
• py_indent: indentation used in the Python file. (default: 4 spaces)

For example when using our Quick usage grammar, this is the output when running my_grammar.export_py():

"""
 This grammar is generated using the Grammar.export_py() method and
 should be used with the pyleri python module.

 Source class: MyGrammar
 Created at: 2017-03-14 19:14:51
"""
import re
from pyleri import Sequence
from pyleri import Keyword
from pyleri import Grammar
from pyleri import Regex

class MyGrammar(Grammar):

    RE_KEYWORDS = re.compile('^\\w+')
    r_name = Regex('^(?:"(?:[^"]*)")+')
    k_hi = Keyword('hi')
    START = Sequence(
        k_hi,
        r_name
    )

Elements

Pyleri has several elements which can be used to create a grammar.

Keyword

syntax:

Keyword(keyword, ign_case=Fasle)

The parser needs to match the keyword which is just a string. When matching keywords we need to tell the parser what characters are allowed in keywords. By default Pyleri uses ^\w+ which is both in Python and JavaScript equal to ^[A-Za-z0-9_]+. We can overwrite the default by setting RE_KEYWORDS in the grammar. Keyword() accepts one keyword argument ign_case to tell the parser if we should match case insensitive.

Example:

class TicTacToe(Grammar):
    # Let's allow keywords with alphabetic characters and dashes.
    RE_KEYWORDS = re.compile('^[A-Za-z-]+')

    START = Keyword('tic-tac-toe', ign_case=True)

ttt_grammar = TicTacToe()
ttt_grammar.parse('Tic-Tac-Toe').is_valid  # => True

Regex

syntax:

Regex(pattern, flags=0)

The parser compiles a regular expression using the re module. The current version of pyleri has only support for the re.IGNORECASE flag. See the Quick usage example for how to use Regex.

Token

syntax:

Token(token)

A token can be one or more characters and is usually used to match operators like +, -, // and so on. When we parse a string object where pyleri expects an element, it will automatically be converted to a Token() object.

Example:

class Ni(Grammar):
    t_dash = Token('-')
    # We could just write delimiter='-' because
    # any string will be converted to Token()
    START = List(Keyword('ni'), delimiter=t_dash)

ni = Ni()
ni.parse('ni-ni-ni-ni-ni').is_valid  # => True

Tokens

syntax:

Tokens(tokens)

Can be used to register multiple tokens at once. The tokens argument should be a string with tokens separated by spaces. If given tokens are different in size the parser will try to match the longest tokens first.

Example:

class Ni(Grammar):
    tks = Tokens('+ - !=')
    START = List(Keyword('ni'), delimiter=tks)

ni = Ni()
ni.parse('ni + ni != ni - ni').is_valid  # => True

Sequence

syntax:

Sequence(element, element, ...)

The parser needs to match each element in a sequence.

Example:

class TicTacToe(Grammar):
    START = Sequence(Keyword('Tic'), Keyword('Tac'), Keyword('Toe'))

ttt_grammar = TicTacToe()
ttt_grammar.parse('Tic Tac Toe').is_valid  # => True

Choice

syntax:

Choice(element, element, ..., most_greedy=True)

The parser needs to choose between one of the given elements. Choice accepts one keyword argument most_greedy which is True by default. When most_greedy is set to False the parser will stop at the first match. When True the parser will try each element and returns the longest match. Setting most_greedy to False can provide some extra performance. Note that the parser will try to match each element in the exact same order they are parsed to Choice.

Example: let us use Choice to modify the Quick usage example to allow the string 'bye "Iris"'

class MyGrammar(Grammar):
    r_name = Regex('(?:"(?:[^"]*)")+')
    k_hi = Keyword('hi')
    k_bye = Keyword('bye')
    START = Sequence(Choice(k_hi, k_bye), r_name)

my_grammar = MyGrammar()
my_grammar.parse('hi "Iris"').is_valid  # => True
my_grammar.parse('bye "Iris"').is_valid  # => True

Repeat

syntax:

Repeat(element, mi=0, ma=None)

The parser needs at least mi elements and at most ma elements. When ma is set to None we allow unlimited number of elements. mi can be any integer value equal or higher than 0 but not larger then ma.

Example:

class Ni(Grammar):
    START = Repeat(Keyword('ni'))

ni = Ni()
ni.parse('ni ni ni ni ni').is_valid  # => True

It is not allowed to bind a name to the same element twice and Repeat(element, 1, 1) is a common solution to bind the element a second (or more) time(s).

For example consider the following:

class MyGrammar(Grammar):
    r_name = Regex('(?:"(?:[^"]*)")+')

    # Raises a SyntaxError because we try to bind a second time.
    r_address = r_name # WRONG

    # Instead use Repeat
    r_address = Repeat(r_name, 1, 1) # RIGHT

List

syntax:

List(element, delimiter=',', mi=0, ma=None, opt=False)

List is like Repeat but with a delimiter. A comma is used as default delimiter but any element is allowed. When a string is used as delimiter it will be converted to a Token element. mi and ma work exactly like with Repeat. An optional keyword argument opt can be set to True to allow the list to end with a delimiter. By default this is set to False which means the list has to end with an element.

Example:

class Ni(Grammar):
    START = List(Keyword('ni'))

ni = Ni()
ni.parse('ni, ni, ni, ni, ni').is_valid  # => True

Optional

syntax:

Optional(element)

The parser looks for an optional element. It is like using Repeat(element, 0, 1) but we encourage to use Optional since it is more readable. (and slightly faster)

Example:

class MyGrammar(Grammar):
    r_name = Regex('(?:"(?:[^"]*)")+')
    k_hi = Keyword('hi')
    START = Sequence(k_hi, Optional(r_name))

my_grammar = MyGrammar()
my_grammar.parse('hi "Iris"').is_valid  # => True
my_grammar.parse('hi').is_valid  # => True

Ref

syntax:

Ref()

The grammar can make a forward reference to make recursion possible. In the example below we create a forward reference to START but note that a reference to any element can be made.

Warning: A reference is not protected against testing the same position in in a string. This could potentially lead to an infinite loop. For example:

r = Ref()
r = Optional(r)  # DON'T DO THIS

Use Prio if such recursive construction is required.

Example:

class NestedNi(Grammar):
    START = Ref()
    ni_item = Choice(Keyword('ni'), START)
    START = Sequence('[', List(ni_item), ']')

nested_ni = NestedNi()
nested_ni.parse('[ni, ni, [ni, [], [ni, ni]]]').is_valid  # => True

Prio

syntax:

Prio(element, element, ...)

Choose the first match from the prio elements and allow THIS for recursive operations. With THIS we point to the Prio element. Probably the example below explains how Prio and THIS can be used.

Note: Use a Ref when possible. A Prio element is required when the same position in a string is potentially checked more than once.

Example:

class Ni(Grammar):
    k_ni = Keyword('ni')
    START = Prio(
        k_ni,
        # '(' and ')' are automatically converted to Token('(') and Token(')')
        Sequence('(', THIS, ')'),
        Sequence(THIS, Keyword('or'), THIS),
        Sequence(THIS, Keyword('and'), THIS))

ni = Ni()
ni.parse('(ni or ni) and (ni or ni)').is_valid  # => True