pyproject2conda 0.22.1

A script to convert a Python project declared on a pyproject.toml to a conda environment.

pyproject2conda

A script to convert pyproject.toml dependencies to environment.yaml files.

Overview

The main goal of pyproject2conda is to provide a means to keep all basic dependency information, for both pip based and conda based environments, in pyproject.toml. I often use a mix of pip and conda when developing packages, and in my everyday workflow. Some packages just aren't available on both. If you use poetry, I'd highly recommend poetry2conda.

Features

• Automatic creation of environment.yamland requirements.txt files from pyproject.toml.
• Simple remapping of pypi package name to conda package name when creating environment.yaml files.
• pre-commit hooks to automatically keep dependency files up to data.

Status

This package is actively used by the author, but is still very much a work in progress. Please feel free to create a pull request for wanted features and suggestions!

Pre-commit hooks

pyproject2conda works with pre-commit. Hooks are available for the project, yaml, and requirements subcommands described below:

- repo: https://github.com/usnistgov/pyproject2conda
  rev: { version } # replace with current version
  hooks:
    - id: pyproject2conda-project
    - id: pyproject2conda-yaml
    - id: pyproject2conda-requirements

For yaml and requirements, you can override the default behavior (of creating environment/requirement files from the dependency-group dev) by passing in args. For example, you could use the following to create an environment file with the extra dev-complete

- repo: https://github.com/usnistgov/pyproject2conda
  rev: { version } # replace with current version
  hooks:
    - id: pyproject2conda-yaml
      args: ["-e", "dev-complete", "-o", "environment-dev.yaml", "-w", "force"]

Note that if called from pre-commit (detected by the presence of PRE_COMMIT environment variable), the default is to set --custom-command="pre-commit". You can explicitly pass in --custom-command to override this.

Installation

Use one of the following to install pyproject2conda:

$ pip/pipx/uvx install pyproject2conda

or

$ conda/condax install -c conda-forge pyproject2conda

If using pip, to install with rich and shellingham support, either install them your self, or use:

$ pip/pipx/uvx install pyproject2conda[all]

The conda-forge distribution of typer (which pyproject2conda uses) installs rich and shellingham by default.

Example usage

Basic usage

Consider the toml file test-pyproject.toml.

[project]
name = "hello"
requires-python = ">=3.8,<3.11"
dependencies = [
"athing", #
"bthing",
"cthing; python_version < '3.10'",
]

[project.optional-dependencies]
test = [
"pandas", #
"pytest",
]
dev-extras = ["matplotlib"]
dev = ["hello[test]", "hello[dev-extras]"]
dist-pypi = [
# this is intended to be parsed with --skip-package option
"setuptools",
"build",
]

[tool.pyproject2conda.dependencies]
athing = { pip = true }
bthing = { skip = true, packages = "bthing-conda" }
cthing = { channel = "conda-forge" }
pytest = { channel = "conda-forge" }
matplotlib = { skip = true, packages = [
"additional-thing; python_version < '3.9'",
"conda-matplotlib"
] }
build = { channel = "pip" }

# ...

Note the table [tool.pyproject2conda.dependencies]. This table takes as keys the dependency names from project.dependencies or project.optional-dependencies, and as values a mapping with keys:

• pip: if true, specify install via pip in environment.yaml file
• skip: if true, skip the dependency
• channel: conda-channel to use for this dependency
• packages: Additional packages to include in environment.yaml file

So, if we run the following, we get:

$ pyproject2conda yaml -f tests/data/test-pyproject.toml
channels:
  - conda-forge
dependencies:
  - bthing-conda
  - conda-forge::cthing
  - pip
  - pip:
      - athing

By default, the python version is not included in the resulting conda output. To include the specification from pyproject.toml, use --python-include infer option:

$ pyproject2conda yaml -f tests/data/test-pyproject.toml --python-include infer
channels:
  - conda-forge
dependencies:
  - python>=3.8,<3.11
  - bthing-conda
  - conda-forge::cthing
  - pip
  - pip:
      - athing

Specify python version

To specify a specific value of python in the output, pass a value with:

$ pyproject2conda yaml -f tests/data/test-pyproject.toml --python-include \
    python=3.9
channels:
  - conda-forge
dependencies:
  - python=3.9
  - bthing-conda
  - conda-forge::cthing
  - pip
  - pip:
      - athing

Note that this is for including python in the resulting environment file.

You can also constrain packages by the python version using the standard pyproject.toml syntax "...; python_version < 'some-version-number'". For is parsed for both the pip packages and conda packages:

$ pyproject2conda yaml -f tests/data/test-pyproject.toml --python-version 3.10
channels:
  - conda-forge
dependencies:
  - bthing-conda
  - pip
  - pip:
      - athing

It is common to want to specify the python version and include it in the resulting environment file. You could, for example use:

$ pyproject2conda yaml -f tests/data/test-pyproject.toml --python-version 3.10 \
    --python-include python=3.10
channels:
  - conda-forge
dependencies:
  - python=3.10
  - bthing-conda
  - pip
  - pip:
      - athing

Because this is common, you can also just pass the option -p/--python:

$ pyproject2conda yaml -f tests/data/test-pyproject.toml --python 3.10
channels:
  - conda-forge
dependencies:
  - python=3.10
  - bthing-conda
  - pip
  - pip:
      - athing

Passing --python="default" will extract the python version from .python-version file. Passing --python value "lowest" or "highest" will extract the lowest or highest python version, respectively, from the project.classifiers table of the pyproject.toml file. Using the option python="all" in pyproject.toml will include all python versions in the project.classifiers table.

Adding extra conda dependencies and pip requirements

You can also add additional conda and pip dependencies with the flags -d/--deps and -r/--reqs, respectively. Adding the last example:

$ pyproject2conda yaml -f tests/data/test-pyproject.toml -d dep -r req
channels:
  - conda-forge
dependencies:
  - bthing-conda
  - conda-forge::cthing
  - dep
  - pip
  - pip:
      - athing
      - req

These will also obey dependencies like dep:python_version<={version}. Pass the flags multiple times to pass multiple dependencies.

Command "aliases"

The name pyproject2conda can be a bit long to type. For this reason, the package also ships with the alias p2c, which has the exact same functionality. Additionally, the subcommands can be shortened to a unique match:

$ p2c y -f tests/data/test-pyproject.toml --python 3.10
channels:
  - conda-forge
dependencies:
  - python=3.10
  - bthing-conda
  - pip
  - pip:
      - athing

You can also call with python -m pyproject2conda.

Installing extras

Given the extra dependency:

# ...
[project.optional-dependencies]
test = [
"pandas", #
"pytest",
]
dev-extras = ["matplotlib"]
dev = ["hello[test]", "hello[dev-extras]"]
dist-pypi = [
# this is intended to be parsed with --skip-package option
"setuptools",
"build",
]

# ...

and running the following gives:

$ pyproject2conda yaml -f tests/data/test-pyproject.toml -e test
channels:
  - conda-forge
dependencies:
  - bthing-conda
  - conda-forge::cthing
  - conda-forge::pytest
  - pandas
  - pip
  - pip:
      - athing

pyproject2conda also works with self referenced dependencies:

$ pyproject2conda yaml -f tests/data/test-pyproject.toml -e dev
channels:
  - conda-forge
dependencies:
  - additional-thing
  - bthing-conda
  - conda-forge::cthing
  - conda-forge::pytest
  - conda-matplotlib
  - pandas
  - pip
  - pip:
      - athing

Installing from dependency-groups

pyproject2conda also support the PEP 735 dependency-groups table. For example, if we have the follinging

# ...
[dependency-groups]
test = ["pandas", "pytest"]
dev-extras = ["matplotlib"]
dev = [{ include-group = "test" }, { include-group = "dev-extras" }]
dist-pypi = [
# this is intended to be parsed with --skip-package option
"setuptools",
"build",
]
optional-opt1 = [ "hello[opt1]" ]
optional-opt2 = [ "hello[opt2]" ]
optional-all = [ "hello[all]" ]

# ...

Then, we can build a requirement file, specifying groups with -g/--group flag.

$ pyproject2conda yaml -f tests/data/test-pyproject-groups.toml --group dev
channels:
  - conda-forge
dependencies:
  - additional-thing
  - bthing-conda
  - conda-forge::cthing
  - conda-forge::pytest
  - conda-matplotlib
  - pandas
  - pip
  - pip:
      - athing

The advantage of using dependency-groups as opposed to package.optional-dependencies is that they work for non-package projects, and are not included in the metadata of distributed packages.

Header in output

By default, pyproject2conda includes a header in most output files to note that the files are auto generated. No header is included by default when writing to standard output. To override this behavior, pass --header/--noheader:

$ pyproject2conda yaml -f tests/data/test-pyproject.toml --header
#
# This file is autogenerated by pyproject2conda
# with the following command:
#
#     $ pyproject2conda yaml -f tests/data/test-pyproject.toml --header
#
# You should not manually edit this file.
# Instead edit the corresponding pyproject.toml file.
#
channels:
  - conda-forge
dependencies:
  - bthing-conda
  - conda-forge::cthing
  - pip
  - pip:
      - athing

You can customize the command in the header with the --custom-command option.

Usage within python

pyproject2conda can also be used within python:

>>> from pyproject2conda.requirements import ParseDepends
>>> p = ParseDepends.from_path("./tests/data/test-pyproject.toml")

# Basic environment
>>> print(p.to_conda_yaml(python_include="infer").strip())
channels:
  - conda-forge
dependencies:
  - python>=3.8,<3.11
  - bthing-conda
  - conda-forge::cthing
  - pip
  - pip:
      - athing

# Environment with extras
>>> print(p.to_conda_yaml(extras="test").strip())
channels:
  - conda-forge
dependencies:
  - bthing-conda
  - conda-forge::cthing
  - conda-forge::pytest
  - pandas
  - pip
  - pip:
      - athing

Configuration

pyproject2conda can be configured with a [tool.pyproject2conda] section in pyproject.toml. To specify conda channels use:

# ...
[tool.pyproject2conda]
channels = ['conda-forge']
# these are the same as the default values of `p2c project`
template-python = "py{py}-{env}"
template = "{env}"
style = "yaml"
# options
python = ["3.10"]
# Note that this is relative to the location of pyproject.toml
user-config = "config/userconfig.toml"
# These environments will be created with the package, package dependencies, and
# dependencies from groups or extras with environment name so the below is the
# same as
#
# [tool.pyproject2conda.envs.test]
# extras-or-groups = "test"
#
default-envs = ["test", "dev", "dist-pypi"]

[tool.pyproject2conda.envs.base]
style = ["requirements"]

# This will have no extras or groups
#
# A value of `extras = true` will would be equivalent to
# passing extras-or-groups = <env-name>
[tool.pyproject2conda.envs."test-extras"]
extras = ["test"]
style = ["yaml", "requirements"]

[[tool.pyproject2conda.overrides]]
envs = ['test-extras', "dist-pypi"]
skip-package = true

[[tool.pyproject2conda.overrides]]
envs = ["test", "test-extras"]
python = ["3.10", "3.11"]

Note that specifying channels at the command line overrides tool.pyproject2conda.channels.

You can also specify environments without the package dependences (those under project.dependencies) by passing the --skip-package flag. This is useful for defining environments for build, etc, that do not require the package be installed. For example:

# ...
dist-pypi = [
# this is intended to be parsed with --skip-package option
"setuptools",
"build",
]

[tool.pyproject2conda.dependencies]
athing = { pip = true }
bthing = { skip = true, packages = "bthing-conda" }
cthing = { channel = "conda-forge" }
pytest = { channel = "conda-forge" }
matplotlib = { skip = true, packages = [
"additional-thing; python_version < '3.9'",
"conda-matplotlib"
] }
build = { channel = "pip" }

# ...

These can be accessed using either of the following:

$ pyproject2conda yaml -f tests/data/test-pyproject.toml -e dist-pypi --skip- \
    package
channels:
  - conda-forge
dependencies:
  - setuptools
  - pip
  - pip:
      - build

or

>>> from pyproject2conda.requirements import ParseDepends
>>> p = ParseDepends.from_path("./tests/data/test-pyproject.toml")

# Basic environment
>>> print(p.to_conda_yaml(extras="dist-pypi", skip_package=True).strip())
channels:
  - conda-forge
dependencies:
  - setuptools
  - pip
  - pip:
      - build

Creating multiple environments from pyproject.toml

pyproject2conda provides a means to create all needed environment/requirement files in one go. We configure the environments using the pyproject.toml files in the [tool.pyproject2conda] section. For example, example the configuration:

# ...
[tool.pyproject2conda]
channels = ['conda-forge']
# these are the same as the default values of `p2c project`
template-python = "py{py}-{env}"
template = "{env}"
style = "yaml"
# options
python = ["3.10"]
# Note that this is relative to the location of pyproject.toml
user-config = "config/userconfig.toml"
# These environments will be created with the package, package dependencies, and
# dependencies from groups or extras with environment name so the below is the
# same as
#
# [tool.pyproject2conda.envs.test]
# extras-or-groups = "test"
#
default-envs = ["test", "dev", "dist-pypi"]

[tool.pyproject2conda.envs.base]
style = ["requirements"]

# This will have no extras or groups
#
# A value of `extras = true` will would be equivalent to
# passing extras-or-groups = <env-name>
[tool.pyproject2conda.envs."test-extras"]
extras = ["test"]
style = ["yaml", "requirements"]

[[tool.pyproject2conda.overrides]]
envs = ['test-extras', "dist-pypi"]
skip-package = true

[[tool.pyproject2conda.overrides]]
envs = ["test", "test-extras"]
python = ["3.10", "3.11"]

run through the command pyproject2conda project (or p2c project):

$ p2c project -f tests/data/test-pyproject.toml --dry
# --------------------
# Creating requirements base.txt
athing
bthing
cthing; python_version < "3.10"
# --------------------
# Creating yaml py310-test-extras.yaml
channels:
  - conda-forge
dependencies:
  - python=3.10
  - conda-forge::pytest
  - pandas
# --------------------
# Creating yaml py311-test-extras.yaml
channels:
  - conda-forge
dependencies:
  - python=3.11
  - conda-forge::pytest
  - pandas
# --------------------
# Creating requirements test-extras.txt
pandas
pytest
# --------------------
# Creating yaml py310-test.yaml
channels:
  - conda-forge
dependencies:
  - python=3.10
  - bthing-conda
  - conda-forge::pytest
  - pandas
  - pip
  - pip:
      - athing
# --------------------
# Creating yaml py311-test.yaml
channels:
  - conda-forge
dependencies:
  - python=3.11
  - bthing-conda
  - conda-forge::pytest

 ...

Note that here, we have used the --dry option to just print the output. In production, you'd omit this flag, and files according to --template and --template-python would be used.

The options under [tool.pyproject2conda] follow the command line options. For example, specify template-python = ... in the config file instead of passing --template-python. You can optionally replace all dashes with underscores in config file option names, but this will be deprecated in future versions. To specify an environment, you can either use the [tool.pyproject.envs."environment-name"] method, or, if the environment is the same as an project.optional-dependencies or dependency-groups, you can just specify it under tool.pyproject2conda.default-envs:

[tool.pyproject2conda]
# ...
default-envs = ["test"]

is equivalent to

[tool.pyproject2conda.envs.test]
extras = ["tests"]

To specify a conda environment (yaml) file, pass style = "yaml" (the default). To specify a requirements file, pass style = "requirements". You can specify both to make both.

Options in a given tool.pyproject2conda.envs."environment-name" section override those at the tool.pyproject2conda level. So, for example:

# ...
[tool.pyproject2conda.envs."test-extras"]
extras = ["test"]
style = ["yaml", "requirements"]

# ...

will override use the two styles instead of the default of yaml.

You can also override options for multiple environments using the [[tools.pyproject2conda.overrides]] list. Just specify the override option(s) and the environments to apply them to. For example, above we specify that the base option is False for envs test-extras and dist-pypi, and that the python version should be 3.10 and 3.11 for envs test and test-extras. Note that each "overrides" table must specify the options to be overridden, and the environments that these overrides apply to. Also, note that subsequent overrides override previous overrides/options (last option wins).

So in all, options are picked up, in order, from the overrides list, then the environment definition, and finally, from the default options.

You can also define "user defined" configurations. This can be done through the option --user-config. This allows you to define your own environments outside of the (most likely source controlled) pyproject.toml file. For example, we have the option user-config=config/userconfig.toml.

[tool.pyproject2conda.envs."user-dev"]
extras-or-groups = ["dev", "dist-pypi"]
deps = ["extra-dep"]
reqs = ["extra-req"]
name = "hello"

Note that the full path of this file is note that the path of the user-config file is relative to thempyproject.toml file. So, if the pyproject.toml file is at a/path/pyproject.toml, the path of user configuration files will be a/path/config/userconfig.toml. We then can run the following:

$ p2c project -f tests/data/test-pyproject.toml --dry --envs user-dev
# --------------------
# Creating yaml py310-user-dev.yaml
name: hello
channels:
  - conda-forge
dependencies:
  - python=3.10
  - bthing-conda
  - conda-forge::pytest
  - conda-matplotlib
  - extra-dep
  - pandas
  - setuptools
  - pip
  - pip:
      - athing
      - build
      - extra-req

CLI options

See command line interface documentation for details on the commands and options.

Related work

The application pyproject2conda is used in the development of the following packages:

• cmomy
• thermoextrap
• tmmc-lnpy
• module-utilities
• analphipy
• pyproject2conda itself!

Documentation

See the documentation for a look at pyproject2conda in action.

License

This is free software. See LICENSE.

Contact

The author can be reached at [e-mail].

Credits

This package was created using Cookiecutter with the usnistgov/cookiecutter-nist-python template.

Changelog

Changelog for pyproject2conda

Unreleased

See the fragment files in changelog.d

v0.22.0 — 2025-06-06

Deprecated

• Deprecating using underscores in option names in pyproject.toml. For example, using template_python under tool.pyproject2conda will lead to a DeprecationWarning. We'll fully remove support for underscored names in a future version.

v0.21.0 — 2025-06-05

Changed

• The config file version of command line options now accept either dashes or underscores. For example, the command line option --template-python now respects either template-python or template_python in the tool.pyproject2conda table of pyproject.toml. Note that you have to use either all dashes or all underscores, not a mix. The parser first looks for options with dashes, then falls back to underscores, so if they are both present, the dashed version will win.

v0.20.0 — 2025-06-05

Changed

• --name option (i.e., the name field in an environment.yaml file) now accepts the follinging fields:
  • {py_version}: the full python version passed in with --python-version, or specified in pyproject.toml
  • {py}: the python version without "." (so, for example, if --python-version=3.8, {py} will expand to "38").
  • {env}: the environment name. Only applicable with the project subcommand.

v0.19.1 — 2025-02-19

Changed

• Bugfix in pre-commit hooks. Now respects header = false in environments.

v0.19.0 — 2025-01-29

Added

• Added pre-commit hooks pyproject2conda-project, pyproject2conda-yaml, and pyproject2conda-requirements.

Changed

• Changed default of --overwrite to force. This simplifies using with pre-commit.
• --commit-command defaults to pre-commit when run under pre-commit

v0.18.0 — 2025-01-24

Added

• Can now specify current package in dependency-groups like with extras. For example, with:

[project]
name = "mypackage"
...

optional-dependencies.opt = [ "opt1" ]

[dependency-groups]
dev = [
  "pytest",
  "mypackage[opt]"
]

Will render optional dependencies from opt extra when using group dev

• Added flag --pip-only to treat all requirements as pip requirements in environment.yaml files. Closes #8

v0.16.0 — 2024-12-31

Changed

• Read default version from first found file, in order, .python-version-default and .python-version. This allows for "default" version being different from pinned version specifier, as the latter can be a range of python values.

v0.15.0 — 2024-12-17

Added

• Can now pass requirements for package with --req/-r "-e ." for example.

v0.14.0 — 2024-12-16

Added

• --python flag now accepts options default, all, lowest, and highest. default sets python to value found in .python-version file in current directory. Other options extract values entries of form "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10"', etc,from pyproject.toml:project.classifiers table.

  • all: All specified python version
  • lowest: Lowest python version
  • highest: Highest python version

• Added --reqs-ext and --yaml-ext options.

v0.13.0 — 2024-11-04

Changed

• Allow overrides for all options.
• overrides override environment options.

v0.12.0 — 2024-11-04

Removed

• Removed comments based (# p2c: ...) support. Specify changes with tool.pyproject2conda.dependencies table only. This greatly simplifies the code, and has become the primary way to use the pyproject2conda.

Added

• Added PEP 735 support. This includes adding option --group to the cli, and groups key to tools.pyproject2conda.envs.... tables. There is also an option --extra-or-group (or extras_or_groups in pyproject.toml) that will first try to find dependencies from "extras" and then from "groups".

Changed

• Passing no extras to an environment now defaults to no added extras or groups. Old behavior (to default to the extra with the same name as the environment) was lead to complications with support of dependency-groups. Explicitly pass the extra or group if to get the old behavior.

• default_envs now passed the environment name as extras_or_groups. Therefore, if the name of the environment is an extra, it will be used. Otherwise, it will be from a group of that name.

• Removed option --base/--no-base. Replaced with --skip-package. Default is to include package dependencies. Pass --skip-package (or skip_package = true in pyproject.toml) to skip package dependencies.

v0.11.0 — 2023-11-28

Added

• Can now access "build-system.requires" as an extra. This can be useful for creating isolated environments to build a package.

Changed

• Can now specify pip as a conda dependency. This is needed for cases that there are no pip dependencies in the environment, but you want it there for installing local packages. This may be the case if using conda-lock on an environment. Note that, much like python is always first in the dependency list, pip is always last.

v0.10.0 — 2023-11-17

Added

• Can now specify conda changes using tool.pyproject2conda.dependencies table. This is an alternative to using # p2c: comments.
• Refactored code. Split parser to requirements and overrides. Also cleaned up the parsing logic to hopefully make future changes simpler.

v0.9.0 — 2023-11-14

Added

• Default is now to remove whitespace from dependencies. For example, the dependency module > 0.1 will become module>0.1. To override this behaviour, pass the option --no-remove-whitespace.
• Now supports python version >3.8,<=3.12
• Can now specify extras = false in pyprojec.toml to skip any extras. The default (extras = true) is the same as extras = [env_name] where env_name is the name of the environment (e.g., tool.pyproject2conda.envs.env_name).

v0.8.0 — 2023-10-02

Added

• Added option to either raise error, or print message for environments with no dependencies.

Changed

• pyproject2conda now works with pyproject.toml files with no dependencies.

v0.7.0 — 2023-09-26

Added

• Now use logging to print info output.

Changed

• cli now uses typer. Since the program was already typed, this simplifies the interface.
• Program can now be called with any of pyproject2conda, p2c, or python -m pyproject2conda.
• Added cli options to web documentation.
• Fixed small typos and typing issues.
• The cli option --python-include now requires an argument. This is due to typer not liking options with zero or one arguments. Instead of the bare flag --python-include including the python spec from pyproject.toml, you have to pass --python-include infer to get that behavior.
• Added extra all to pip install options. The default is to not include rich or shellingham. Using pip install pyproject2conda[all] includes these optional packages. Note that the conda-forge recipe is based on the plain install (i.e., no rich or shellingham). However, the conda-froge recipe for typer does include these. That means, if you want to install pyproject2conda without the optional extras, you'll have to use pip.

v0.6.1 — 2023-09-22

Changed

• Fixed edge case where --overwrite=check and have a user_config. Now when using p2c project with a user_config and overwrite=check, the timestamp of the output file will be compared to both the filename=pyproject.toml and user_config.

v0.6.0 — 2023-09-19

Added

• Added project subcommand. This uses a configuration in pyproject.toml to build multiple enivonments in one go.
• Added --deps and --reqs flags to include extra conda and pip requirements.
• Added --overwrite to check if output file exists.
• Now (correctly) using rich_click.
• Added tests for all new cases, and some edge cases.

v0.5.1 — 2023-09-09

Added

• Added --sort/--no-sort flag to cli. Default is to sort dependencies. This fixes issues with changing order in pyproject.toml leading to different yaml files.

Changed

• Changed structure of the repo to better support some third party tools.

• Moved nox environments from .nox to .nox/{project-name}/envs. This fixes issues with ipykernel giving odd names for locally installed environments.

• Moved repo specific dot files to the config directory (e.g., .noxconfig.toml to config/userconfig.toml). This cleans up the top level of the repo.

• added some support for using nbqa to run mypy/pyright on notebooks.

• Added ability to bootstrap development environment using pipx. This should simplify initial setup. See Contributing for more info.

• Main repo now on usnistgov. This software was developed by employees of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), an agency of the Federal Government. Pursuant to title 17 United States Code Section 105, works of NIST employees are not subject to copyright protection in the United States and are considered to be in the public domain. Permission to freely use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation without fee is hereby granted, provided that this notice and disclaimer of warranty appears in all copies.

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