PyRoboVision

Multi-object tracking (Kalman filter + Hungarian algorithm) and trajectory prediction, in pure Python.

What this actually is

PyRoboVision's real, tested core is a multi-object tracker: Kalman filter state estimation + Hungarian algorithm association, with occlusion handling (tracks are predicted through gaps in detection and re-associate on reacquisition) and constant velocity/acceleration trajectory prediction with uncertainty quantification.

Around that core there are supporting utilities: 3D perception (a real MiDaS monocular depth backend, 3D bounding box conversion, LiDAR point-cloud processing, occupancy grids), rule-based behavior/intent classification, and simple imitation learning / behavior cloning / safety-constraint building blocks.

This is not a full detection -> tracking -> 3D -> planning -> safety autonomous driving stack, and doesn't claim to be. See What's NOT included below for specifics — an earlier version of this README oversold this project, and we'd rather be boring and accurate than impressive and wrong.

The core package depends on NumPy and SciPy only. PyTorch is an optional extra, needed only if you want real MiDaS depth inference or the ONNX export helpers.

30-Second Start

import numpy as np
from pyrobovision.tracking.mot import MOTTracker, Detection

tracker = MOTTracker(max_age=30, min_hits=3)

# Detections come from *your* detector (YOLO, SAM, a color blob detector,
# whatever) — PyRoboVision does not ship one. Each is just a bounding box
# plus a confidence score.
detections = [Detection(bbox=np.array([100, 100, 140, 180]), confidence=0.92)]

confirmed_tracks = tracker.update(detections)
for track in confirmed_tracks:
    print(f"track {track.track_id}: position={track.get_position()}, velocity={track.get_velocity()}")

Installation

pip install pyrobovision

# With real MiDaS depth estimation (installs PyTorch, one-time model download)
pip install "pyrobovision[depth]"

# With ONNX model export utilities
pip install "pyrobovision[onnx]"

# From source
git clone https://github.com/Mullassery/PyRoboVision.git
cd PyRoboVision
pip install -e ".[dev]"

Quick Start

Multi-object tracking + trajectory prediction

import numpy as np
from pyrobovision.tracking.mot import MOTTracker, Detection
from pyrobovision.prediction.trajectory import TrajectoryPredictor

tracker = MOTTracker(max_age=30, min_hits=3)

# Simulate a few frames of detections for one object moving right.
boxes = [
    np.array([100.0, 100.0, 140.0, 180.0]),
    np.array([110.0, 100.0, 150.0, 180.0]),
    np.array([120.0, 100.0, 160.0, 180.0]),
    np.array([130.0, 100.0, 170.0, 180.0]),
]

positions = []
for box in boxes:
    tracker.update([Detection(bbox=box, confidence=0.9)])
    track = tracker.get_track_by_id(1)
    positions.append(track.get_position())

# Predict where the object goes next, using its tracked position history.
predictor = TrajectoryPredictor(model="cv")  # "cv" = constant velocity, "ca" = constant acceleration
future_positions = predictor.predict_trajectory(np.array(positions), horizon=5)
print(future_positions)

Occlusion is handled automatically: if a tracked object stops being detected for a few frames (tracker.update([])), its Kalman filter keeps predicting its position forward, and the track survives until max_age frames without a match — then a detection reappearing near the predicted location re-associates to the same track_id. This is exercised directly in tests/test_occlusion.py.

3D perception: depth, 3D boxes, occupancy grid

import numpy as np
from pyrobovision.perception.depth import DepthEstimator
from pyrobovision.perception.bbox_3d import Box3DConverter
from pyrobovision.perception.occupancy import OccupancyGridBuilder

# model="heuristic" (default) needs no extra dependencies but is a
# non-neural edge-density PLACEHOLDER, not real depth — see the module
# docstring in perception/depth.py. For genuine learned depth:
#   pip install "pyrobovision[depth]"
#   estimator = DepthEstimator(model="midas")
estimator = DepthEstimator(model="heuristic")
estimator.set_calibration(fx=500, fy=500, cx=320, cy=240)

rgb_frame = np.random.randint(0, 255, (480, 640, 3), dtype=np.uint8)  # your camera frame
depth_map = estimator.estimate_depth(rgb_frame)

converter = Box3DConverter()
bbox_3d = converter.from_2d_bbox_and_depth(
    bbox_2d=np.array([100, 100, 200, 200]),
    depth_map=depth_map.data,
    fx=500, fy=500, cx=320, cy=240,
)

builder = OccupancyGridBuilder(grid_size=(100, 100), resolution=0.1)
occupancy_grid = builder.from_3d_bboxes([bbox_3d])
print(f"Occupied cells: {len(occupancy_grid.get_occupied_cells())}")

Sensor fusion (IMU/GPS) and safety-constrained learning

from pyrobovision.fusion.sensor_fusion import SensorFusionEngine, IMUData, GPSData
from pyrobovision.learning.safety import SafetyValidator

fusion_engine = SensorFusionEngine(origin_lat=37.7749, origin_lon=-122.4194)
state = fusion_engine.update_imu(IMUData(timestamp=0.0, accelerometer=[0, 0, 9.8], gyroscope=[0, 0, 0]))
state = fusion_engine.update_gps(GPSData(timestamp=0.1, latitude=37.7749, longitude=-122.4194, altitude=10.0,
                                          speed=5.0, heading=90.0, accuracy=2.0))
print(f"Fused position: {state.position}, uncertainty: {state.covariance}")

validator = SafetyValidator(max_acceleration=5.0, max_steering=45.0)
proposed_action = np.array([6.5, 50.0])  # [acceleration, steering_angle] — over both limits
safe_action = validator.correct_action(proposed_action, {"speed": 15.0})

What's real vs. placeholder

What's NOT included

• No object detector. You bring your own detections (bounding boxes + confidence) into MOTTracker. There is no YOLO/SAM/etc. bundled or wrapped here.
• No GPU-accelerated inference pipeline. The tracking/prediction core is plain NumPy/SciPy; it runs on CPU.
• No foundation-model integration (CLIP, SAM, Grounding DINO). An earlier version of this package shipped an "MCP 2.0" module and CLI/server "workflow" layer that claimed to do this — it only ever returned hardcoded fake results (e.g. a fixed "frames_processed": 1200 regardless of input) and has been removed.
• Not a certified or safety-verified autonomous driving stack. SafetyValidator is a basic constraint-checking utility, not a certified safety system.
• MiDaS depth output is relative, not metric. model="midas" gives correctly ordered near/far depth, not depth in meters, unless you calibrate it against a known reference distance yourself.

Testing

pip install -e ".[dev]"
pytest tests/ -v

276 passing / 1 skipped, 87% coverage (measured for real - --cov=src/pyrobovision, 1895 statements / 244 missed; the previous --cov=pyrobovision config used the package name instead of a path, which silently reported "no data collected" rather than a real number - the 89% this README used to claim was never actually measured), on Python 3.11 (no torch installed — the one test that requires real MiDaS inference skips cleanly without it and runs when the [depth] extra is installed). CI runs the same command on every push.

Architecture

src/pyrobovision/
├── tracking/     Kalman filter + Hungarian-algorithm multi-object tracking
├── prediction/   Trajectory forecasting (CV/CA models) + uncertainty
├── perception/   Depth estimation, 3D bbox conversion, LiDAR, occupancy grids
├── behavior/     Rule-based motion/behavior classification
├── intent/       Rule-based intent prediction
├── learning/     Imitation learning, behavior cloning, safety constraints, training loop
└── fusion/       IMU/GPS sensor fusion, ONNX export utilities

Related Projects

• PyRoboFrames — a separate, independently published dataloader project by the same author (LeRobot, RLDS, HDF5, NetCDF, S3-compatible object storage). PyRoboVision does not depend on it — if you want to feed PyRoboFrames-loaded data into this tracker, install it separately.

Cross-repo compatibility, whole family: this author also publishes PyRoboSimulator, pyroboreplay, and PyTerrainMap. Verified by reading every Cargo.toml/pyproject.toml across all of them: none has a Cargo or pip dependency on PyRoboVision, and PyRoboVision has none on them — each is independently installable and versioned.

Documentation

• CONTRIBUTING.md — development setup and guidelines
• ROADMAP.md — what's done, what's not, what's next
• SECURITY.md — vulnerability reporting
• docs/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md — community guidelines
• docs/BENCHMARKS.md — current benchmark status (none published yet — how to run your own)

Contributing

Contributions welcome! See CONTRIBUTING.md.

For security issues, see SECURITY.md.

License

Proprietary — Georgi Mammen Mullassery. See LICENSE.

Citation

@software{mullassery2026pyrobovision,
  title={PyRoboVision: Multi-object tracking and trajectory prediction for robotics},
  author={Mullassery, Georgi},
  url={https://github.com/Mullassery/PyRoboVision},
  year={2026}
}