pytd 2.4.0

Treasure Data Driver for Python

pytd provides user-friendly interfaces to Treasure Data’s REST APIs, Presto query engine, and Plazma primary storage.

The seamless connection allows your Python code to efficiently read/write a large volume of data from/to Treasure Data. Eventually, pytd makes your day-to-day data analytics work more productive.

Installation

pip install pytd

Requirements

• Python 3.10 or later

• pandas 2.1 or later

Usage

• Documentation

• Sample usage on Google Colaboratory

Set your API key and endpoint to the environment variables, TD_API_KEY and TD_API_SERVER, respectively, and create a client instance:

import pytd

client = pytd.Client(database='sample_datasets')
# or, hard-code your API key, endpoint, and/or query engine:
# >>> pytd.Client(apikey='1/XXX', endpoint='https://api.treasuredata.com/', database='sample_datasets', default_engine='presto')

Query in Treasure Data

Issue Presto query and retrieve the result:

client.query('select symbol, count(1) as cnt from nasdaq group by 1 order by 1')
# {'columns': ['symbol', 'cnt'], 'data': [['AAIT', 590], ['AAL', 82], ['AAME', 9252], ..., ['ZUMZ', 2364]]}

In case of Hive:

client.query('select hivemall_version()', engine='hive')
# {'columns': ['_c0'], 'data': [['0.6.0-SNAPSHOT-201901-r01']]} (as of Feb, 2019)

It is also possible to explicitly initialize pytd.Client for Hive:

client_hive = pytd.Client(database='sample_datasets', default_engine='hive')
client_hive.query('select hivemall_version()')

Here is an example of generator-based iterative retrieval using DB-API. For details, please refer to Documentation

from pytd.dbapi import connect

conn = connect(pytd.Client(database='sample_datasets'))
# or, connect with Hive:
# >>> conn = connect(pytd.Client(database='sample_datasets', default_engine='hive'))

def iterrows(sql, connection):
   cur = connection.cursor()
   cur.execute(sql)
   index = 0
   columns = None
   while True:
      row = cur.fetchone()
      if row is None:
         break
      if columns is None:
         columns = [desc[0] for desc in cur.description]
      yield index, dict(zip(columns, row))
      index += 1

for index, row in iterrows('select symbol, count(1) as cnt from nasdaq group by 1 order by 1', conn):
   print(index, row)

When you face unexpected timeout error with Presto, you can try iterative way to retrieve data.

Write data to Treasure Data

Data represented as pandas.DataFrame can be written to Treasure Data as follows:

import pandas as pd

df = pd.DataFrame(data={'col1': [1, 2], 'col2': [3, 10]})
client.load_table_from_dataframe(df, 'takuti.foo', writer='bulk_import', if_exists='overwrite')

For the writer option, pytd supports three different ways to ingest data to Treasure Data:

1. Bulk Import API: bulk_import (default)

   • Convert data into a CSV file and upload in the batch fashion.

2. Presto INSERT INTO query: insert_into

   • Insert every single row in DataFrame by issuing an INSERT INTO query through the Presto query engine.

   • Recommended only for a small volume of data.

3. td-spark: spark (No longer available)

   • Local customized Spark instance directly writes DataFrame to Treasure Data’s primary storage system.

Characteristics of each of these methods can be summarized as follows:

	bulk_import	insert_into	spark (No longer available)
Scalable against data volume	✓		✓
Write performance for larger data			✓
Memory efficient	✓	✓
Disk efficient		✓
Minimal package dependency	✓	✓

Enabling Spark Writer

Since td-spark gives special access to the main storage system via PySpark, follow the instructions below:

1. Contact [e-mail] to activate the permission to your Treasure Data account. Note that the underlying component, Plazma Public API, limits its free tier at 100GB Read and 100TB Write.

2. Install pytd with [spark] option if you use the third option: pip install pytd[spark]

If you want to use existing td-spark JAR file, creating SparkWriter with td_spark_path option would be helpful.

from pytd.writer import SparkWriter

writer = SparkWriter(td_spark_path='/path/to/td-spark-assembly.jar')
client.load_table_from_dataframe(df, 'mydb.bar', writer=writer, if_exists='overwrite')

Comparison between pytd, td-client-python, and pandas-td

Treasure Data offers three different Python clients on GitHub, and the following list summarizes their characteristics.

1. td-client-python

   • Basic REST API wrapper.

   • Similar functionalities to td-client-{ruby, java, node, go}.

   • The capability is limited by what Treasure Data REST API can do.

2. pytd

   • Access to Plazma via td-spark as introduced above.

   • Efficient connection to Presto based on trino-python-client.

   • Multiple data ingestion methods and a variety of utility functions.

3. pandas-td (deprecated)

   • Old tool optimized for pandas and Jupyter Notebook.

   • pytd offers its compatible function set (see below for the detail).

An optimal choice of package depends on your specific use case, but common guidelines can be listed as follows:

• Use td-client-python if you want to execute basic CRUD operations from Python applications.

• Use pytd for (1) analytical purpose relying on pandas and Jupyter Notebook, and (2) achieving more efficient data access at ease.

• Do not use pandas-td. If you are using pandas-td, replace the code with pytd based on the following guidance as soon as possible.

How to replace pandas-td

pytd offers pandas-td-compatible functions that provide the same functionalities more efficiently. If you are still using pandas-td, we recommend you to switch to pytd as follows.

First, install the package from PyPI:

pip install pytd
# or, `pip install pytd[spark]` if you wish to use `to_td`

Next, make the following modifications on the import statements.

Before:

import pandas_td as td

In [1]: %%load_ext pandas_td.ipython

After:

import pytd.pandas_td as td

In [1]: %%load_ext pytd.pandas_td.ipython

Consequently, all pandas_td code should keep running correctly with pytd. Report an issue from here if you noticed any incompatible behaviors.

Development

For contributors, please see Contributing Guide.

This project uses uv for fast Python package management:

# Install uv
pip install uv

# Sync dependencies
uv sync

# Run tests with nox
uvx nox