qolmat 0.0.11

Tools to impute

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RPCA for anomaly detection and data imputation

What is robust principal component analysis?

Robust Principal Component Analysis (RPCA) is a modification of the statistical procedure of principal component analysis (PCA) which allows to work with grossly corrupted observations.

Suppose we are given a large data matrix \(\mathbf{D}\), and know that it may be decomposed as

\begin{equation*} \mathbf{D} = \mathbf{X}^* + \mathbf{A}^* \end{equation*}

where \(\mathbf{X}^*\) has low-rank and \(\mathbf{A}^*\) is sparse. We do not know the low-dimensional column and row space of \(\mathbf{X}^*\), not even their dimension. Similarly, for the non-zero entries of \(\mathbf{A}^*\), we do not know their location, magnitude or even their number. Are the low-rank and sparse parts possible to recover both accurately and efficiently?

Of course, for the separation problem to make sense, the low-rank part cannot be sparse and analogously, the sparse part cannot be low-rank. See here for more details.

Formally, the problem is expressed as

\begin{equation*} \begin{align*} & \text{minimise} \quad \text{rank} (\mathbf{X}) + \lambda \Vert \mathbf{A} \Vert_0 \\ & \text{s.t.} \quad \mathbf{D} = \mathbf{X} + \mathbf{A} \end{align*} \end{equation*}

Unfortunately this optimization problem is a NP-hard problem due to its nonconvexity and discontinuity. So then, a widely used solving scheme is replacing rank(\(\mathbf{X}\)) by its convex envelope —the nuclear norm \(\Vert \mathbf{X} \Vert_*\)— and the \(\ell_0\) penalty is replaced with the \(\ell_1\)-norm, which is good at modeling the sparse noise and has high efficient solution. Therefore, the problem becomes

\begin{equation*} \begin{align*} & \text{minimise} \quad \Vert \mathbf{X} \Vert_* + \lambda \Vert \mathbf{A} \Vert_1 \\ & \text{s.t.} \quad \mathbf{D} = \mathbf{X} + \mathbf{A} \end{align*} \end{equation*}

Theoretically, this is guaranteed to work even if the rank of \(\mathbf{X}^*\) grows almost linearly in the dimension of the matrix, and the errors in \(\mathbf{A}^*\) are up to a constant fraction of all entries. Algorithmically, the above problem can be solved by efficient and scalable algorithms, at a cost not so much higher than the classical PCA. Empirically, a number of simulations and experiments suggest this works under surprisingly broad conditions for many types of real data.

Some examples of real-life applications are background modelling from video surveillance, face recognition, speech recognition. We here focus on anomaly detection in time series.

What’s in this repo?

Some classes are implemented:

RPCA class based on RPCA p.29.

\begin{equation*} \begin{align*} & \text{minimise} \quad \Vert \mathbf{X} \Vert_* + \lambda \Vert \mathbf{A} \Vert_1 \\ & \text{s.t.} \quad \mathbf{D} = \mathbf{X} + \mathbf{A} \end{align*} \end{equation*}

GraphRPCA class based on GraphRPCA.

\begin{equation*} \begin{align*} & \text{minimise} \quad \Vert \mathbf{A} \Vert_1 + \gamma_1 \text{tr}(\mathbf{X} \mathbf{\mathcal{L}_1} \mathbf{X}^T) + \gamma_2 \text{tr}(\mathbf{X}^T \mathbf{\mathcal{L}_2} \mathbf{X}) \\ & \text{s.t.} \quad \mathbf{D} = \mathbf{X} + \mathbf{A} \end{align*} \end{equation*}

TemporalRPCA class based on Link 1 and this Link 2). The optimisation problem is the following

\begin{equation*} \text{minimise} \quad \Vert P_{\Omega}(\mathbf{X}+\mathbf{A}-\mathbf{D}) \Vert_F^2 + \lambda_1 \Vert \mathbf{X} \Vert_* + \lambda_2 \Vert \mathbf{A} \Vert_1 + \sum_{k=1}^K \eta_k \Vert \mathbf{XH_k} \Vert_p \end{equation*}

where \(\Vert \mathbf{XH_k} \Vert_p\) is either \(\Vert \mathbf{XH_k} \Vert_1\) or \(\Vert \mathbf{XH_k} \Vert_F^2\).

The operator \(P_{\Omega}\) is the projection operator such that \(P_{\Omega}(\mathbf{M})\) is the projection of \(\mathbf{M}\) on the set of observed data \(\Omega\). This allows to deal with missing values. Each of these classes is adapted to take as input either a time series or a matrix directly. If a time series is passed, a pre-processing is done.

See the examples folder for a first overview of the implemented classes.

Installation

Install directly from the gitlab repository:

Contributing

Feel free to open an issue or contact us at [e-mail]

References

[1] Candès, Emmanuel J., et al. “Robust principal component analysis?.” Journal of the ACM (JACM) 58.3 (2011): 1-37, (pdf)

[2] Wang, Xuehui, et al. “An improved robust principal component analysis model for anomalies detection of subway passenger flow.” Journal of advanced transportation 2018 (2018). (pdf)

[3] Chen, Yuxin, et al. “Bridging convex and nonconvex optimization in robust PCA: Noise, outliers, and missing data.” arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.05484 (2020), (pdf)

[4] Shahid, Nauman, et al. “Fast robust PCA on graphs.” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing 10.4 (2016): 740-756. (pdf)