rdflib-endpoint enables to:

• deploy RDFLib Graph and Dataset as SPARQL endpoints,
• define custom SPARQL functions implemented in python that can be queried in a federated fashion using SPARQL SERVICE from another endpoint,
• serve local RDF files in one command.

Feel free to create an issue, or send a pull request if you are facing issues or would like to see a feature implemented.

📦️ Installation

This package requires Python >=3.8, install it from PyPI with:

pip install "rdflib-endpoint[cli,oxigraph]"

Or add it to a project dependencies with uv:

uv add "rdflib-endpoint[web,oxigraph]"

Or install the CLI with uv:

uv tool install rdflib-endpoint --with "rdflib-endpoint[cli,oxigraph]"

Or run directly with uvx:

uvx --with "rdflib-endpoint[cli,oxigraph]" rdflib-endpoint

Optional extras:

⌨️ Use the CLI

rdflib-endpoint can be used from the command line interface to perform basic utility tasks, such as serving or converting RDF files locally.

Serve RDF files, with YASGUI available on http://localhost:8000:

rdflib-endpoint serve *.ttl *.jsonld *.nq

Use oxigraph as backend, it supports some functions that are not supported by the RDFLib query engine, such as COALESCE:

rdflib-endpoint serve --store Oxigraph "*.ttl" "*.jsonld" "*.nq"

Convert and merge RDF files from multiple formats to a specific format:

rdflib-endpoint convert "*.ttl" "*.jsonld" "*.nq" --output "merged.trig"

✨ Deploy your SPARQL endpoint

rdflib-endpoint enables you to easily define and deploy SPARQL endpoints based on RDFLib Graph and Dataset. Additionally it provides helpers to defines custom functions in the endpoint.

⚡️ Deploy as a standalone API

Create and run a standalone SPARQL endpoint using SparqlEndpoint, e.g. in a main.py file:

from rdflib import Dataset
from rdflib_endpoint import SparqlEndpoint

ds = Dataset()

app = SparqlEndpoint(
    graph=ds,
    path="/",
    # CORS enabled by default to enable querying it from client JavaScript
    cors_enabled=True,
    # Metadata used for the SPARQL service description and Swagger UI:
    title="SPARQL endpoint for RDFLib graph",
    description="A SPARQL endpoint to serve any other logic implemented in Python. \n[Source code](https://github.com/vemonet/rdflib-endpoint)",
    version="0.1.0",
    public_url='https://127.0.0.1:8000/',
)

Start the server on http://localhost:8000:

uv run uvicorn main:app --reload

🛣️ Embedding in an existing app

Instead of a full app, you can mount the endpoint as a router. SparqlRouter constructor takes the same arguments as SparqlEndpoint, apart from enable_cors which is defined at the API level.

from fastapi import FastAPI
from rdflib import Dataset
from rdflib_endpoint import SparqlRouter

ds = Dataset()
sparql_router = SparqlRouter(graph=ds, path="/")

app = FastAPI()
app.include_router(sparql_router)

🧩 Custom SPARQL Functions using decorators

DatasetExt extends RDFLib Dataset with four decorator helpers to register python-based SPARQL evaluation functions.

Key behaviors:

• Types, predicates and functions IRIs are generated from the provided namespace concatenated to their python counterpart following SPARQL naming conventions (classes in PascalCase, predicates and functions in camelCase). Default namespace is urn:sparql-function:
• Return a list to emit multiple result rows
• Return dataclasses to populate multiple variables
• Python defaults handle missing input values
• Add sparql codeblocks with a query example in the function docstring, these will be extracted and added as YASGUI queries tabs when deployed through the SparqlEndpoint or SparqlRouter
• Properly annotating each function docstring with google-style docstring enables ds.generate_docs() to automatically generate user friendly documentation that describes each SPARQL function and how to use it.

type_function · Typed triple-pattern functions

Register a triple-pattern function, ideal for complex functions as all inputs/outputs are explicit in the SPARQL query. The function is selected when a subject is typed with the function name in PascalCase in the given namespace. The decorated function receives arguments extracted from input predicates derived from the arguments names, and returns either a single result or a list of results.

from dataclasses import dataclass
from rdflib_endpoint import DatasetExt

ds = DatasetExt()

@dataclass
class SplitterResult:
    splitted: str
    """The part of the string that was split out."""
    index: int
    """The zero-based index of the part in the original string."""

@ds.type_function()
def string_splitter(
    split_string: str,
    separator: str = " ",
) -> list[SplitterResult]:
    """Split a string and return each part with their index.

    Args:
        split_string: The string to split.
        separator: The character to split on.

    Example:
        ```sparql
        PREFIX func: <urn:sparql-function:>
        SELECT ?input ?part ?idx
        WHERE {
            VALUES ?input { "hello world" "cheese is good" }
            [] a func:StringSplitter ;
                func:splitString ?input ;
                func:separator " " ;
                func:splitted ?part ;
                func:index ?idx .
        }
        ``'
    """
    return [SplitterResult(splitted=part, index=idx) for idx, part in enumerate(split_string.split(separator))]

Example query:

PREFIX func: <urn:sparql-function:>
SELECT ?input ?part ?idx
WHERE {
    VALUES ?input { "hello world" "cheese is good" }
    [] a func:StringSplitter ;
        func:splitString ?input ;
        func:separator " " ;
        func:splitted ?part ;
        func:index ?idx .
}

predicate_function · Predicate evaluation

Register a predicate function, ideal when the input is a simple IRI. The function is selected when the predicate is the function name in camelCase in the given namespace. The decorated function receives the subject IRI as input and returns the object values.

import bioregistry
from rdflib import DC, OWL, URIRef
from rdflib_endpoint import DatasetExt

ds = DatasetExt()
conv = bioregistry.get_converter()

@ds.predicate_function(namespace=DC._NS)
def identifier(input_iri: URIRef) -> URIRef:
    """Get the standardized IRI for a given input IRI."""
    return URIRef(conv.standardize_uri(input_iri))

@ds.predicate_function(namespace=OWL._NS)
def same_as(input_iri: URIRef) -> list[URIRef]:
    """Get all alternative IRIs for a given IRI using the Bioregistry."""
    prefix, identifier = conv.compress(input_iri).split(":", 1)
    return [URIRef(iri) for iri in bioregistry.get_providers(prefix, identifier).values()]

Example queries:

PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/>
SELECT ?id WHERE {
    <https://identifiers.org/CHEBI/1> dc:identifier ?id .
}

PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
SELECT ?sameAs WHERE {
    <https://identifiers.org/CHEBI/1> owl:sameAs ?sameAs .
}

extension_function · Standard SPARQL extension functions

Register a SPARQL extension function usable with BIND(<namespace+name>(...) AS ?var). The Python function receives evaluated args, returning a list emits multiple bound values.

from dataclasses import dataclass
from rdflib_endpoint import DatasetExt

ds = DatasetExt()

@ds.extension_function()
def split(input_str: str, separator: str = ",") -> list[str]:
    """Split a string and return each part."""
    return input_str.split(separator)

Example query:

PREFIX func: <urn:sparql-function:>
SELECT ?input ?part WHERE {
    VALUES ?input { "hello world" "cheese is good" }
    BIND(func:split(?input, " ") AS ?part)
}

Use a dataclass to populate multiple variables, the first field of the dataclass will be returned in the bound variable, other fields will populate variables derived from the base bound variable concatenated with the fields in PascalCase:

from dataclasses import dataclass
from rdflib_endpoint import DatasetExt

ds = DatasetExt()

@dataclass
class SplitResult:
    value: str
    index: int

@ds.extension_function()
def split_index(input_str: str, separator: str = ",") -> list[SplitResult]:
    """Split a string and return each part with their index."""
    return [SplitResult(value=part, index=idx) for idx, part in enumerate(input_str.split(separator))]

Example query:

PREFIX func: <urn:sparql-function:>
SELECT ?input ?part ?partIndex WHERE {
    VALUES ?input { "hello world" "cheese is good" }
    BIND(func:splitIndex(?input, " ") AS ?part)
}

graph_function · Return temporary graph

Register a function that returns an rdflib.Graph. Use it in SPARQL as BIND(<namespace+name>(...) AS ?g) and then query the temporary graph with GRAPH ?g { ... }. Returned graphs are added to the dataset for the duration of the query and cleaned up afterwards.

from rdflib import Graph, Literal, Namespace, URIRef
from rdflib_endpoint import DatasetExt

ds = DatasetExt(default_union=True)

@ds.graph_function()
def split_graph(input_str: str, separator: str = ",") -> Graph:
    g = Graph()
    for part in input_str.split(separator):
        g.add((URIRef("http://splitted"), URIRef["http://part"], Literal(part)))
    return g

Example query:

PREFIX func: <urn:sparql-function:>
SELECT DISTINCT * WHERE {
    VALUES ?input { "hello world" "cheese is good" }
    BIND(func:splitGraph(?input, " ") AS ?g)
    GRAPH ?g {
        ?s ?p ?o .
    }
}

📝 Define custom SPARQL functions (legacy API)

Alternatively you can manually implement evaluation extension functions by passing a functions={...} dict to SparqlEndpoint or SparqlRouter.

import rdflib
from rdflib import Dataset
from rdflib.plugins.sparql.evalutils import _eval
from rdflib.plugins.sparql.parserutils import CompValue
from rdflib.plugins.sparql.sparql import QueryContext
from rdflib_endpoint import SparqlEndpoint

def custom_concat(query_results, ctx: QueryContext, part: CompValue, eval_part):
    """Concat 2 strings in the 2 senses and return the length as additional Length variable
    """
    # Retrieve the 2 input arguments
    argument1 = str(_eval(part.expr.expr[0], eval_part.forget(ctx, _except=part.expr._vars)))
    argument2 = str(_eval(part.expr.expr[1], eval_part.forget(ctx, _except=part.expr._vars)))
    evaluation = []
    scores = []
    # Prepare the 2 result string, 1 for eval, 1 for scores
    evaluation.append(argument1 + argument2)
    evaluation.append(argument2 + argument1)
    scores.append(len(argument1 + argument2))
    scores.append(len(argument2 + argument1))
    # Append the results for our custom function
    for i, result in enumerate(evaluation):
        query_results.append(eval_part.merge({
            part.var: rdflib.Literal(result),
            # With an additional custom var for the length
            rdflib.term.Variable(part.var + 'Length'): rdflib.Literal(scores[i])
        }))
    return query_results, ctx, part, eval_part

app = SparqlEndpoint(
    graph=Dataset(default_union=True),
    # Register the functions:
    functions={
        'urn:sparql-function:custom_concat': custom_concat
    },
    # Example queries used to populate YASGUI tabs
    example_queries={
        "Custom function": {
            "query": """PREFIX myfunctions: <urn:sparql-function:>
SELECT ?concat ?concatLength WHERE {
    BIND(myfunctions:custom_concat("First", "last") AS ?concat)
}""",
        },
    },
)

✒️ Or directly define the custom evaluation

For full control, override the evaluation process entirely using custom_eval. Refer to the RDFLib documentation for more details.

import rdflib
from rdflib.plugins.sparql.evaluate import evalBGP
from rdflib.plugins.sparql.parserutils import CompValue
from rdflib.plugins.sparql.sparql import QueryContext
from rdflib.namespace import FOAF, RDF, RDFS

def custom_eval(ctx: QueryContext, part: CompValue):
    """Rewrite triple patterns to get super-classes"""
    if part.name == "BGP":
        # rewrite triples
        triples = []
        for t in part.triples:
            if t[1] == RDF.type:
                bnode = rdflib.BNode()
                triples.append((t[0], t[1], bnode))
                triples.append((bnode, RDFS.subClassOf, t[2]))
            else:
                triples.append(t)
        # delegate to normal evalBGP
        return evalBGP(ctx, triples)
    raise NotImplementedError()

app = SparqlEndpoint(
    graph=g,
    custom_eval=custom_eval
)

📂 Projects using rdflib-endpoint

Here are some projects using rdflib-endpoint to deploy custom SPARQL endpoints with python:

• The Bioregistry, an open source, community curated registry, meta-registry, and compact identifier resolver.
• proycon/codemeta-server, server for codemeta, in memory triple store, SPARQL endpoint and simple web-based visualisation for end-user.
• AKSW/sparql-file, serve a RDF file as an RDFLib Graph through a SPARQL endpoint.

🛠️ Contributing

To run the project in development and make a contribution checkout the contributing page.