reedsolo 2.1.1b1

Pythonic universal errors-and-erasures Reed-Solomon codec to protect your data from errors and bitrot, with a future-proof zero-dependencies pure-python implementation and an optional speed-optimized Cython/C extension.

⏳🛡 Pythonic universal errors-and-erasures Reed-Solomon encoder/decoder codec to protect your data from errors and bitrot. Includes a future-proof zero-dependencies pure-python implementation 🔮 as well as an optional speed-optimized Cython/C extension 🚀

This is a burst-type implementation, so that it supports any Galois field higher than 2^3, but not binary streams. Burst errors are non-random errors that more often happen on data storage mediums such as hard drives, hence this library is better suited for data storage protection, and less for streams noise correction, although it also works for this purpose but with a bit of overhead (since it works with bytes only, instead of bits).

Based on the wonderful tutorial at Wikiversity, written by “Bobmath” and “LRQ3000”. If you are just starting with Reed-Solomon error correction codes, the Wikiversity article is a good beginner’s introduction.

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Table of contents

• Installation

• Usage

  • Basic usage with high-level RSCodec class

  • Low-level usage via direct access to math functions

• Extended description

• Speed optimizations

• Edge cases

• Migration from v1.x to v2.x

• Projects using reedsolo

• Recommended reading

• Similar projects

• Authors

• License

Installation

For the latest stable release (compatible with Python >= 3.7), install with:

pip install --upgrade reedsolo

For the latest development release, use:

pip install --upgrade reedsolo --pre

For the cutting-edge code (likely unstable, do not use in production!), use:

pip install --upgrade git+https://github.com/tomerfiliba-org/reedsolomon

If you have some issues installing through pip, maybe this command may help, by forcing the use of sdist instead of wheels:

pip install reedsolo --no-binary="reedsolo" --no-cache

Note: for Python 2.7 and Python <= 3.6, please use v1.7.0:

pip install --upgrade reedsolo==1.7.0

Through wheels/pip, a pure-python implementation called reedsolo is installed, and for platforms supported by cibuildwheel, a precompiled speed-optimized creedsolo module is included. For other platforms or to compile from source (this requires cython>=3.0.0b2 and a C compiler), a build option can be specified:

# To compile from the latest stable release:
pip install --upgrade reedsolo --no-binary "reedsolo" --no-cache --config-setting="--build-option=--cythonize" --use-pep517 --isolated --verbose
# To compile from the latest development release:
pip install --upgrade reedsolo --no-binary "reedsolo" --no-cache --config-setting="--build-option=--cythonize" --use-pep517 --isolated --pre --verbose
# To compile from the cutting edge code:
pip install --upgrade "reedsolo @ git+https://github.com/tomerfiliba-org/reedsolomon" --no-binary "reedsolo" --no-cache --config-setting="--build-option=--cythonize" --use-pep517 --isolated --pre --verbose

The --config-setting="--build-option=--cythonize" flag signals to the setuptools backend to propagate to reedsolo's setup.py to build the optional cythonized extension. The --no-binary "reedsolo" and --no-cache options are necessary since pip 23.1 to force the use of the sdist instead of wheels.

or locally with:

pip install --upgrade . --config-setting="--build-option=--cythonize" --verbose

Note: for development, it’s possible to add the --editable flag to use the local folder without installing in site-packages, and use .[test] instead of . to install all required packages to test this module locally.

The package for the development or cutting-edge releases can also be built locally with the pep517 compliant build tool:

pip install build
# With cythonization (from *.pyx to *.c to *.pyd)
python -sBm build --config-setting="--build-option=--cythonize"
# or skip cythonization and only compile from the already transpiled c extension (from *.c to *.pyd)
python -sBm build --config-setting="--build-option=--native-compile"

The setup.py will then try to build the Cython optimized module creedsolo.pyx if Cython is installed, which can then be imported as import creedsolo instead of import reedsolo, with the same features between both modules. Note: Make sure to use --config-setting singular, because build does not (yet) recognize the plural form contrary to pip.

As an alternative, use conda to install a compiled version for various platforms:

conda install -c conda-forge reedsolo

Various Linux distributions builds are also available, thanks to a network of amazing maintainers:

Usage

Basic usage with high-level RSCodec class

# Initialization >>> from reedsolo import RSCodec, ReedSolomonError >>> rsc = RSCodec(10) # 10 ecc symbols

# Encoding # just a list of numbers/symbols: >>> rsc.encode([1,2,3,4]) b’x01x02x03x04,x9dx1c+=xf8hxfax98M’ # bytearrays are accepted and the output will be matched: >>> rsc.encode(bytearray([1,2,3,4])) bytearray(b’x01x02x03x04,x9dx1c+=xf8hxfax98M’) # encoding a byte string is as easy: >>> rsc.encode(b’hello world’) b’hello worldxed%Txc4xfdxfdx89xf3xa8xaa’

Note: strings of any length, even if longer than the Galois field, will be encoded as well using transparent chunking.

Note2: it is strongly recommended to always use bytearrays. Using encoded strings is accepted by the RSCodec API, as a convenient facility for neophytes, but encodings such as UTF-8 have variable lengths, so internally the module has to convert to a bytearray. If you just want to protect a string, you do not need to use a bytearray, but if you need to store or send the protected data in a fixed size field, such as in a binary file or a data stream, use a bytearray.

# Decoding (repairing) >>> rsc.decode(b’hello worldxed%Txc4xfdxfdx89xf3xa8xaa’)[0] # original b’hello world’ >>> rsc.decode(b’heXlo worXdxed%Txc4xfdXx89xf3xa8xaa’)[0] # 3 errors b’hello world’ >>> rsc.decode(b’hXXXo worXdxed%Txc4xfdXx89xf3xa8xaa’)[0] # 5 errors b’hello world’ >>> rsc.decode(b’hXXXo worXdxed%Txc4xfdXXxf3xa8xaa’)[0] # 6 errors - fail Traceback (most recent call last): … reedsolo.ReedSolomonError: Too many (or few) errors found by Chien Search for the errata locator polynomial!

Important upgrade notice for pre-1.0 users: Note that RSCodec.decode() returns 3 variables:

1. the decoded (corrected) message

2. the decoded message and error correction code (which is itself also corrected)

3. and the list of positions of the errata (errors and erasures)

Here is how to use these outputs:

>>> tampered_msg = b'heXlo worXd\xed%T\xc4\xfdX\x89\xf3\xa8\xaa'
>>> decoded_msg, decoded_msgecc, errata_pos = rsc.decode(tampered_msg)
>>> print(decoded_msg)  # decoded/corrected message
bytearray(b'hello world')
>>> print(decoded_msgecc)  # decoded/corrected message and ecc symbols
bytearray(b'hello world\xed%T\xc4\xfd\xfd\x89\xf3\xa8\xaa')
>>> print(errata_pos)  # errata_pos is returned as a bytearray, hardly intelligible
bytearray(b'\x10\t\x02')
>>> print(list(errata_pos))  # convert to a list to get the errata positions as integer indices
[16, 9, 2]

Since we failed to decode with 6 errors with a codec set with 10 error correction code (ecc) symbols, let’s try to use a bigger codec, with 12 ecc symbols.

>>> rsc = RSCodec(12)  # using 2 more ecc symbols (to correct max 6 errors or 12 erasures)
>>> rsc.encode(b'hello world')
b'hello world?Ay\xb2\xbc\xdc\x01q\xb9\xe3\xe2='
>>> rsc.decode(b'hello worXXXXy\xb2XX\x01q\xb9\xe3\xe2=')[0]         # 6 errors - ok, but any more would fail
b'hello world'
>>> rsc.decode(b'helXXXXXXXXXXy\xb2XX\x01q\xb9\xe3\xe2=', erase_pos=[3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16])[0]  # 12 erasures - OK
b'hello world'

This shows that we can decode twice as many erasures (where we provide the location of errors ourselves) than errors (with unknown locations). This is the cost of error correction compared to erasure correction.

To get the maximum number of errors or erasures that can be independently corrected (ie, not simultaneously):

>>> maxerrors, maxerasures = rsc.maxerrata(verbose=True)
This codec can correct up to 6 errors and 12 erasures independently
>>> print(maxerrors, maxerasures)
6 12

To get the maximum number of errors and erasures that can be simultaneously corrected, you need to specify the number of errors or erasures you expect:

>>> maxerrors, maxerasures = rsc.maxerrata(erasures=6, verbose=True)  # we know the number of erasures, will calculate how many errors we can afford
This codec can correct up to 3 errors and 6 erasures simultaneously
>>> print(maxerrors, maxerasures)
3 6
>>> maxerrors, maxerasures = rsc.maxerrata(errors=5, verbose=True)  # we know the number of errors, will calculate how many erasures we can afford
This codec can correct up to 5 errors and 2 erasures simultaneously
>>> print(maxerrors, maxerasures)
5 2

Note that if a chunk has more errors and erasures than the Singleton Bound as calculated by the maxerrata() method, the codec will try to raise a ReedSolomonError exception, but may very well not detect any error either (this is a theoretical limitation of error correction codes). In other words, error correction codes are unreliable to detect if a chunk of a message is corrupted beyond the Singleton Bound. If you want more reliability in errata detection, use a checksum or hash such as SHA or MD5 on your message, these are much more reliable and have no bounds on the number of errata (the only potential issue is with collision but the probability is very very low).

Note: to catch a ReedSolomonError exception, do not forget to import it first with: from reedsolo import ReedSolomonError

To check if a message is tampered given its error correction symbols, without decoding, use the check() method:

# Checking >> rsc.check(b’hello worXXXXyxb2XXx01qxb9xe3xe2=’) # Tampered message will return False [False] >> rmes, rmesecc, errata_pos = rsc.decode(b’hello worXXXXyxb2XXx01qxb9xe3xe2=’) >> rsc.check(rmesecc) # Corrected or untampered message will return True [True] >> print(‘Number of detected errors and erasures: %i, their positions: %s’ % (len(errata_pos), list(errata_pos))) Number of detected errors and erasures: 6, their positions: [16, 15, 12, 11, 10, 9]

By default, most Reed-Solomon codecs are limited to characters that can be encoded in 256 bits and with a length of maximum 256 characters. But this codec is universal, you can reduce or increase the length and maximum character value by increasing the Galois Field:

# To use longer chunks or bigger values than 255 (may be very slow) >> rsc = RSCodec(12, nsize=4095) # always use a power of 2 minus 1 >> rsc = RSCodec(12, c_exp=12) # alternative way to set nsize=4095 >> mes = ‘a’ * (4095-12) >> mesecc = rsc.encode(mes) >> mesecc[2] = 1 >> mesecc[-1] = 1 >> rmes, rmesecc, errata_pos = rsc.decode(mesecc) >> rsc.check(mesecc) [False] >> rsc.check(rmesecc) [True]

Note that the RSCodec class supports transparent chunking, so you don’t need to increase the Galois Field to support longer messages, but characters will still be limited to 256 bits (or whatever field you set with c_exp).

If you need to use a variable number of error correction symbols (i.e., akin to variable bitrate in videos encoding), this is possible always possible using RSCodec.decode(nsym=x) and at encoding by setting RSCodec(nsym=y, single_gen=False) and then RSCodec.encode(nsym=x).

Low-level usage via direct access to math functions

If you want full control, you can skip the API and directly use the library as-is. Here’s how:

First you need to init the precomputed tables:

>> import reedsolo as rs >> rs.init_tables(0x11d)

Pro tip: if you get the error: ValueError: byte must be in range(0, 256), please check that your prime polynomial is correct for your field. Pro tip2: by default, you can only encode messages of max length and max symbol value = 256. If you want to encode bigger messages, please use the following (where c_exp is the exponent of your Galois Field, eg, 12 = max length 2^12 = 4096):

>> prim = rs.find_prime_polys(c_exp=12, fast_primes=True, single=True)[0] >> rs.init_tables(c_exp=12, prim=prim)

Let’s define our RS message and ecc size:

>> n = 255 # length of total message+ecc >> nsym = 12 # length of ecc >> mes = “a” * (n-nsym) # generate a sample message

To optimize, you can precompute the generator polynomial:

>> gen = rs.rs_generator_poly_all(n)

Note: this generates the generator polynomial for all possible nsym, so this can easily be used for variable encoding rate.

Then to encode:

>> mesecc = rs.rs_encode_msg(mes, nsym, gen=gen[nsym])

Let’s tamper our message:

>> mesecc[1] = 0

To decode:

>> rmes, recc, errata_pos = rs.rs_correct_msg(mesecc, nsym, erase_pos=erase_pos)

Note that both the message and the ecc are corrected (if possible of course). Pro tip: if you know a few erasures positions, you can specify them in a list erase_pos to double the repair power. But you can also just specify an empty list.

You can check how many errors and/or erasures were corrected, which can be useful to design adaptive bitrate algorithms:

>> print(‘A total of %i errata were corrected over all chunks of this message.’ % len(errata_pos))

If the decoding fails, it will normally automatically check and raise a ReedSolomonError exception that you can handle. However if you want to manually check if the repaired message is correct, you can do so:

>> rs.rs_check(rmes + recc, nsym)

Note: if you want to use multiple reedsolomon with different parameters, you need to backup the globals and restore them before calling reedsolo functions:

>> rs.init_tables() >> global gf_log, gf_exp, field_charac >> bak_gf_log, bak_gf_exp, bak_field_charac = gf_log, gf_exp, field_charac

Then at anytime, you can do:

>> global gf_log, gf_exp, field_charac >> gf_log, gf_exp, field_charac = bak_gf_log, bak_gf_exp, bak_field_charac >> mesecc = rs.rs_encode_msg(mes, nsym) >> rmes, recc, errata_pos = rs.rs_correct_msg(mesecc, nsym)

The globals backup is not necessary if you use RSCodec, it will be automatically managed.

The speed-optimized C extension creedsolo can be used similarly once compiled or cythonized:

>> import creedsolo as crs >> codec = crs.RSCodec(10)

If you want to cimport the module, you will need to directly access the full package path:

>> import cython >> cimport cython >> cimport creedsolo.creedsolo as crs

Low-level functions allow to construct new APIs on top of this codec, such as an automatic Reed-Solomon decoder that can search for viable parameters to decode from an unknown Reed-Solomon codec.

If you want to learn more about which internal functions to use and for what purposes, read the sourcecode’s comments (we follow literate programming principles) for more info about how it works and the various parameters you can setup if you need to interface with other RS codecs.

Extended description

The code of wikiversity is here consolidated into a nice API with exceptions handling. The algorithm can correct up to 2*e+v <= nsym, where e is the number of errors, v the number of erasures and nsym = n-k = the number of ECC (error correction code) symbols. This means that you can either correct exactly floor(nsym/2) errors, or nsym erasures (errors where you know the position), and a combination of both errors and erasures. This is called the Singleton Bound, and is the maximum/optimal theoretical number of erasures and errors any error correction algorithm can correct (although there are experimental approaches to go a bit further, named list decoding, not implemented here, but feel free to do pull request!).

The code should work on pretty much any reasonable version of python (3.7+), but I’m only testing on the latest Python version available on Anaconda at the moment (currently 3.10), although there is a unit test on various Python versions to ensure retrocompatibility.

This library is also thoroughly unit tested with branch coverage, so that nearly any encoding/decoding case should be covered. The unit test includes Cython and PyPy too. On top of the unit testing covering mathematical correctedness in this repo here, the code is in practice even more thoroughly covered than shown, via the pyFileFixity <https://github.com/lrq3000/pyFileFixity/>`_ unit test, which is another project using reedsolo for the practical application of on-storage data protection, and which includes a more pragmatic oriented unit test that creates and tamper files to ensure that reedsolo does work in practice to protect and restore data.

The codec is universal, meaning that it should be able to decode any message encoded by any other RS encoder as long as you provide the correct parameters. Beware that often, other RS encoders use internal constant sometimes hardcoded inside the algorithms, such as fcr, which are then hard to find, but if you do, you can supply them to reedsolo.

The work on this module is motivated by the aim to offer a solution for long-term archival of data, although this can and is also used for communication streams. For this purpose, this module is an ideal choice: Reed-Solomon is an optimal (non-quantic) algorithm, it corrects up to the Singleton Bound which is the absolute limit of how much erratas an error-correction algorithm can correct, RS is hence future-proof. The universality of this implementation further ensures that other future implementations of Reed-Solomon should be able to decode data encoded with this universal codec.

Note that if you use higher fields (ie, bigger c_exp), the algorithms will be slower, first because we cannot then use the optimized bytearray() structure but only array.array('i', ...), and also because Reed-Solomon’s complexity is quadratic (both in encoding and decoding), so this means that the longer your messages, the quadratically longer it will take to encode/decode!

The algorithm itself can handle messages of a length up to (2^c_exp)-1 symbols per message (or chunk), including the ECC symbols, and each symbol can have a value of up to (2^c_exp)-1 (indeed, both the message length and the maximum value for one character is constrained by the same mathematical reason). By default, we use the field GF(2^8), which means that you are limited to values between 0 and 255 (perfect to represent a single hexadecimal symbol on computers, so you can encode any binary stream) and limited to messages+ecc of maximum length 255. However, you can “chunk” longer messages to fit them into the message length limit. The RSCodec class will automatically apply chunking, by splitting longer messages into chunks and encode/decode them separately; it shouldn’t make a difference from an API perspective (ie, from your POV).

Speed optimizations

Thanks to using bytearray and a functional approach (contrary to unireedsolomon, a sibling implementation), the codec has quite reasonable performances despite avoiding hardcoding constants and specific instruction sets optimizations that are not mathematically generalizable (and so we avoid them, as we want to try to remain as close to the mathematical formulations as possible).

In particular, good speed performance at encoding can be obtained by using either PyPy JIT Compiler on the pure-python implementation (reedsolo.py) or either by compiling the Cython extension creedsolo.pyx (which is much more optimized and hence much faster than PyPy).

From our speed tests, encoding rates of several MB/s can be expected with PyPy JIT, and 14.3 MB/s using the Cython extension creedsolo on an Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-8550U CPU @ 1.80GHz (benchmarked with pyFileFixity’s ecc_speedtest.py).

Decoding remains much slower, and less optimized, but more complicated to do so. However, the rationale to focus optimization efforts primarily on encoding and not decoding is that users are more likely to spend most of their processing time encoding data, and much less decoding, as encoding needs to be done indiscriminately apriori to protect data, whereas decoding happens only aposteriori on data that the user knows is tampered, so this is a much reduced subset of all the protected data (hopefully).

To use the Cython implementation, it is necessary to pip install cython==3.0.0b2 and to install a C++ compiler (Microsoft Visual C++ 14.x for Windows and Python 3.10+), read the up-to-date instructions in the official wiki. Then simply cd to the root of the folder where creedsolo.pyx is, and type python setup.py build_ext --inplace --cythonize. Alternatively, it is possible to generate just the C++ code by typing cython -3 creedsolo.pyx. When building a distributable egg or installing the module from source, the Cython module can be transpiled and compiled if both Cython and a C compiler are installed and the --cythonize flag is supplied to the setup.py, otherwise by default only the pure-python implementation and the .pyx cython source code will be included, but the binary won’t be in the wheel.

Then, use from creedsolo import RSCodec instead of importing from the reedsolo module, and finally only feed bytearray() objects to the RSCodec object. Exclusively using bytearrays is one of the reasons creedsolo is faster than reedsolo. You can convert any string by specifying the encoding: bytearray("Hello World", "UTF-8").

Note that there is an inherent limitation of the C implementation which cannot work with higher galois fields than 8 (= characters of max 255 value) because the C implementation only works with bytearrays, and bytearrays only support characters up to 255. If you want to use higher galois fields, you need to use the pure python version, which includes a fake _bytearray function that overloads the standard bytearray with an array.array("i", ...) in case galois fields higher than 8 are used to init_tables(), or rewrite the C implementation to use lists instead of bytearrays (which will be MUCH slower so this defeats the purpose and you are better off simply using the pure python version under PyPy - an older version of the C implementation was doing just that, and without bytearrays, all performance gains were lost, hence why the bytearrays were kept despite the limitations).

Edge cases

Although sanity checks are implemented whenever possible and when they are not too much resource consuming, there are a few cases where messages will not be decoded correctly without raising an exception:

• If an incorrect erasure location is provided, the decoding algorithm will just trust the provided locations and create a syndrome that will be wrong, resulting in an incorrect decoded message. In case reliability is critical, always use the check() method after decoding to check the decoding did not go wrong.

• Reed-Solomon algorithm is limited by the Singleton Bound, which limits not only its capacity to correct errors and erasures relatively to the number of error correction symbols, but also its ability to check if the message can be decoded or not. Indeed, if the number of errors and erasures are greater than the Singleton Bound, the decoder has no way to mathematically know for sure whether there is an error at all, it may very well be a valid message (although not the message you expect, but mathematically valid nevertheless). Hence, when the message is tampered beyond the Singleton Bound, the decoder may raise an exception, but it may also return a mathematically valid but still tampered message. Using the check() method cannot fix that either. To work around this issue, a solution is to use parity or hashing functions in parallel to the Reed-Solomon codec: use the Reed-Solomon codec to repair messages, use the parity or hashing function to check if there is any error. Due to how parity and hashing functions work, they are much less likely to produce a false negative than the Reed-Solomon algorithm. This is a general rule: error correction codes are efficient at correcting messages but not at detecting errors, hashing and parity functions are the adequate tool for this purpose.

Migration from v1.x to v2.x

If you used reedsolo v1.x, then to upgrade to v2.x, a few changes in the build requirements, the build system and API must be considered.

One major change is that Cython>=v3.0.0b2 is required to cythonize creedsolo.pyx. To ease migration for operating systems where python packages pre-releases are not available, the intermediary creedsolo.c is also shipped in the standard distribution (the tar.gz file) to allow compilation with any C compiler, without requiring Cython.

Furthermore, the packaging system was overhauled to be PEP 517 standard compliant, so that it now supports build isolation by default, and it uses a src-layout.

While we tried to keep the import API the same (you can still do import reedsolo as rs; codec = rs.RSCodec(10) and similarly import creedsolo as crs. However, if you used to cimport creedsolo as crs using the fast c-import system provided by Cython, now you will need to cimport creedsolo.creedsolo as crs.

Indeed, for Linux distributions package maintainers, it’s important to note the module is now using a “src-layout”, instead of the “single-module-layout” before, so this may require some adjustments in packages building processes.

Furthermore, wheels with a precompiled creedsolo.pyd extension are now built for multiple platforms and Python releases and uploaded to PyPi, thanks to cibuildwheel, and the process is automated with a GitHub Action. In future releases, we will try to improve on build reproducibility, such as by implementing a lockfile (but not there yet, there is no standard for that) and moving away from setuptools (potentially to meson).

Support for Python 2.7 and Python <= 3.6 was dropped as advised elsewhere, as only the pure python implementation remained retrocompatible, but not the cython extension, so that it is better for older Py2.7 users to simply stick to the fully functional reedsolo v1.7.0. For Python 3.6, support was dropped because these environments are not supported officially anymore by GitHub Actions, so it is harder to unit test and hence no guarantee of correctedness can be provided anymore in an automated fashion, so it’s better to also use reedsolo v1.7.0 for these older Py3 versions.

About API changes, a few bugfixes were implemented in the pure python implementation, but breaking changes were limited as much as possible (if there is any, it is unintended). For the creedsolo extension, there are LOTS of changes, hence why the major version change (we try to follow SemVer). We will not list everything here, but the biggest breaking change is that now internally, everything is either a bytearray, or a CPython array('i', ...). So this means that when interacting with creedsolo, you want to always supply a bytearray object, you can’t just provide a list or a string anymore. For reedsolo, this is still supported, since it transparently converts to a bytearray internally, for ease of use.

For the pure python implementation reedsolo, this should not change much, it should be retrocompatible with lists (there are a few checks in place to autodetect and convert lists into bytearrays whenever necessary - but only in RSCodec, not in lower level functions if that’s what you used!).

However, for the cythonized extension creedsolo, these changes are breaking compatibility with v1.x: if you used bytearray everywhere whenever supplying a list of values into creedsolo (both for the data and erasures_pos), then all is well, you are good to go! On the other hand, if you used list objects or other types in some places, you are in for some errors.

The good news is that, thanks to these changes, both implementations are much faster, but especially creedsolo, which now encodes at a rate of 15-20 MB/s (yes that’s BYTES, not bits!). This however requires Cython >= 3.0.0b2, and is incompatible with Python 2 (the pure python reedsolo is still compatible, but not the cythonized extension creedsolo).

In practice, there is likely very little you need to change, just add a few bytearray() calls here and there. For a practical example of what was required to migrate, see the commits for pyFileFixity migration.

Projects using reedsolo

Reedsolo is a critical component of numerous solutions, such as:

• Matter (ex-Project CHIP) - The new standard for the Internet of Things (IoT): Matter (formerly Project CHIP) creates more connections between more objects, simplifying development for manufacturers and increasing compatibility for consumers, guided by the Connectivity Standards Alliance.

• esp-idf - Espressif IoT Development Framework. Official development framework for Espressif SoCs, such as ESP32, which are very widespread reprogrammable electronic cheaps for scientific, prototype and DIY projects, especially with Arduino and MicroPython.

• esptool - A Python-based, open-source, platform-independent utility to communicate with the ROM bootloader in Espressif chips.

• pyFileFixity - A suite of tools for long term archival of files.

• amodem - Audio MODEM Communication Library in Python, allowing true air-gapped communication (via a speaker and a microphone), or an audio cable (for higher transmission speed).

• SteganoGAN - SteganoGAN is a tool for creating steganographic images using adversarial training.

• galacteek - Multi-platform browser for the distributed web.

• ofrak - OFRAK (Open Firmware Reverse Analysis Konsole) is a binary analysis and modification platform.

• HoloCubic AIO - All-in-One open-source firmware for the HoloCubic device with a wide features set.

• MicroPython-Stubber - Boost MicroPython productivity in VSCode: Generate and use stubs for different micropython firmwares to use with vscode and pylance or pylint.

• qr-backup - Paper backup of files using QR codes.

• Jade - Jade Hardware Wallet.

• pied-piper - Defunct popular module for data transfer over sound waves.

• qreader - A defunct pure python QR code reader.

• sonicky - Proof-of-concept Python and Android modules for connectionless ultrasonic message transfer.

• neighborhood-connectivity - An example app that implements a noisy communication between clique of thread group with very high error correction handling ability and O(1) rounds of messages sending.

• audiotagger - Clever use of error correction codes to wirelessly synchronize multiple concurrent video feeds of amateur video filmmakers by injecting AFSK packets with timestamp and location metadata in the audio channel communicated via radios.

• Several research papers used reedsolo, see a list here.

And many, many more!

Recommended reading

• “Reed-Solomon codes for coders”, free practical beginner’s tutorial with Python code examples on WikiVersity. Partially written by one of the authors of the present software.

• “Algebraic codes for data transmission”, Blahut, Richard E., 2003, Cambridge university press. Readable online on Google Books. This book was pivotal in helping to understand the intricacies of the universal Berlekamp-Massey algorithm (see figures 7.5 and 7.10).

• If you want a more mathematically transparent but less optimized implementation, read the sibling open-source project unireedsolomon, also co-authored by the maintainer of reedsolo, so that the codebase is very similar (although reedsolo is more mature and has more bugfixes - unireedsolomon should only be used for learning purposes!).

Similar projects

Here is a non-exhaustive list of similar projects (ie, projects implementing a Reed-Solomon codec): * galois, a Numba JIT-optimized extension module for Numpy, which implements a Reed-Solomon codec and NTT transforms. * generalizedReedSolomon, a variant of an implementation of Reed-Solomon that is more parallelizable and interestingly can encode messages of arbitrary length without chunking (the chunking is kind of integrated in the parallelization). Internally uses numpy’s fft and ifft. Maybe translatable to use Number Theoretic Transform (NTT) instead of FFT.

Authors

This module was conceived and developed by Tomer Filiba in 2012.

It was further extended and is currently maintained by Stephen Karl Larroque since 2015.

And several other contributors helped improve and make it more robust, thanks a lot to them!

For a list of all contributors, please see the GitHub Contributors graph and the commits history.

License

This software is released under your choice of the Unlicense or the MIT-0 (MIT No Attribution) License. Both licenses are public-domain-equivalent licenses, as intended by the original author Tomer Filiba.