⚠️ UNTESTED — This implementation has not been verified against physical hardware. Code is complete but has not been bench-tested. Verify behavior before relying on output.

rf-bench-drivers-rtlsdr

RTL-SDR receiver driver for the rf-bench bench automation suite. Wraps pyrtlsdr (librtlsdr) with PPM calibration, consistent import patterns, workflow helpers, and a thread-safe streaming generator.

Supported hardware:

• RTL-SDR Blog v4 (R828D tuner, 1 PPM TCXO, bias tee) — recommended
• RTL-SDR Blog v3 (R820T2 tuner, bias tee)
• Generic RTL2832U-based DVB-T dongles (no TCXO — calibrate PPM before use)

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Installation

pip install rf-bench-drivers-rtlsdr
# or, for the full rf-bench suite:
pip install rf-bench

System dependency: librtlsdr must be installed.

# Arch Linux
pacman -S rtl-sdr

# Debian / Ubuntu
apt install rtl-sdr librtlsdr-dev

# macOS
brew install librtlsdr

Linux udev rule (required to access the device as a non-root user):

SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ATTRS{idVendor}=="0bda", ATTRS{idProduct}=="2838", \
    MODE="0664", GROUP="plugdev"

Save to /etc/udev/rules.d/99-rtlsdr.rules, then udevadm control --reload-rules and re-plug the dongle.

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Quick start

from rf_bench.rtlsdr import RTLSDR

# Basic capture
with RTLSDR() as sdr:
    sdr.set_center_freq(144_390_000)   # 144.390 MHz — APRS
    sdr.set_sample_rate(2_400_000)
    sdr.set_gain(30)
    iq = sdr.capture_iq(262_144)
    print(f"Captured {len(iq)} samples, dtype={iq.dtype}")

# Power spectrum
with RTLSDR() as sdr:
    sdr.set_center_freq(433_920_000)
    sdr.set_sample_rate(2_400_000)
    iq = sdr.capture_iq(262_144)
    freq_hz, power_db = sdr.power_spectrum(iq, rbw_hz=1000)
    peak_idx = power_db.argmax()
    print(f"Strongest signal: {freq_hz[peak_idx]/1e6:.3f} MHz  ({power_db[peak_idx]:.1f} dB)")

# Streaming (ADS-B example)
with RTLSDR() as sdr:
    sdr.set_center_freq(1_090_000_000)
    sdr.set_sample_rate(2_000_000)
    sdr.set_gain(40)
    for block in sdr.stream_iq(block_size=65_536):
        process_modes_s(block)
        if should_stop:
            break
    sdr.stop_stream()

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PPM calibration

The RTL-SDR v4 TCXO is nominally 1 PPM, but the actual offset should be measured against a known reference for best frequency accuracy:

1. Connect the RTL-SDR to a signal of known frequency (e.g. the SDG1062X set to 10.000000 MHz, verified on the SSA).
2. Tune the RTL-SDR to the same frequency.
3. Compute the offset: ppm = (measured_hz - nominal_hz) / nominal_hz * 1e6
4. Save it:

with RTLSDR() as sdr:
    sdr.save_calibration(ppm=0.8)    # adjust to your measured value

The correction is stored in ~/.rtlsdr_cal.json and loaded automatically on every subsequent RTLSDR() construction. Pass ppm_correction=0 explicitly to override.

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Bias tee (RTL-SDR Blog v3/v4)

The bias tee supplies 5 V (~180 mA) on the SMA centre pin to power an inline LNA. Requires librtlsdr >= 2.0.0 (included in the Arch rtl-sdr package):

with RTLSDR() as sdr:
    sdr.set_bias_tee(True)    # power the LNA
    sdr.set_center_freq(137_620_000)
    sdr.set_sample_rate(2_400_000)
    iq = sdr.capture_iq(2_400_000 * 10)   # 10 s capture
    sdr.set_bias_tee(False)   # disable before disconnecting the LNA

Always disable the bias tee before removing the antenna or LNA to avoid back-feeding the RTL-SDR input with the bias voltage.

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Device enumeration

If multiple dongles are attached, select by serial number for reproducibility:

# List all attached devices
for dev in RTLSDR.find_devices():
    print(dev)
# {'index': 0, 'serial': '00000001', 'name': 'Generic RTL2832U OEM'}

# Connect to a specific dongle
with RTLSDR(serial="00000001") as sdr:
    print(sdr.identify())

Set a permanent serial number with rtl_eeprom -s 00000001 (from the rtl-sdr package).

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API reference

RTLSDR(serial=None, device_index=0, ppm_correction=None, sample_rate=2_400_000, gain='auto')

Opens the device. Raises RTLSDRError if the serial is not found. Raises RTLSDRBusyError if another process already has the device open.

Method	Description
find_devices()	Class method — list attached devices as [{'index', 'serial', 'name'}]
identify()	Return device info dict: serial, tuner_type, valid_gains_db, sample_rate, center_freq, gain, ppm_correction
set_center_freq(freq_hz)	Set tuning frequency; PPM correction applied automatically
set_sample_rate(rate)	Set IQ sample rate in S/s (typical: 250_000 – 3_200_000)
set_gain(gain_db)	Set gain in dB (snapped to nearest valid step) or 'auto'
set_bias_tee(enabled)	Enable/disable bias tee (RTL-SDR Blog v3/v4 only)
capture_iq(num_samples)	Capture a block; returns complex64 numpy array
power_spectrum(iq, rbw_hz)	Welch PSD; returns (freq_hz, power_db) float32 arrays
scan_activity(threshold_db, num_samples)	Quick scan; returns list of detected signals
stream_iq(block_size)	Generator yielding complex64 blocks; call stop_stream() when done
stop_stream()	Stop streaming and join the reader thread
save_calibration(ppm)	Save PPM correction to ~/.rtlsdr_cal.json
close()	Stop streaming and close device

Valid sample rates

The RTL2832U supports a continuous range from ~250 kS/s to 3.2 MS/s. Values outside 900 kS/s – 3.2 MS/s may have increased sample loss on some systems. Common choices:

Rate	Bandwidth	Typical use
250_000	200 kHz	Narrow-band FM, single ISM channel
1_024_000	~800 kHz	ACARS, P25 channel bank
2_000_000	~1.6 MHz	ADS-B (1090 MHz)
2_048_000	~1.6 MHz	DVB-T, general use
2_400_000	~2.0 MHz	Weather satellites, wideband ISM
3_200_000	~2.6 MHz	Maximum reliable rate

Power spectrum note

power_spectrum() returns power values relative to the peak bin (0 dB = peak). The values are not calibrated absolute dBm — the RTL-SDR has no calibrated power reference. Use the SSA3032X Plus for absolute amplitude measurements; use the RTL-SDR for signal detection, classification, and protocol decode where relative power and frequency are sufficient.

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Hardware connection notes

The RTL-SDR Blog v4 appears as a single USB device (RTL2832U, USB VID 0x0bda PID 0x2838 or variant). Only one process may open it at a time; RTLSDR() raises RTLSDRBusyError if it is already in use.

For ADS-B (1090 MHz), a dedicated 1090 MHz bandpass filter (FA 1090 MHz or similar) before the LNA significantly reduces out-of-band noise and improves decode rate.

For weather satellites (137 MHz), a V-dipole antenna (~54 cm elements, 120° spread) is optimal — omnidirectional in elevation, no tracking required for LEO passes.

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License

GPL-3.0-or-later