Romt (Rust Offline Mirror Tool) enables mirroring of Rust programming language tools and crates for use in an offline context.
Project description
Romt (Rust Offline Mirror Tool) aids in using the Rust programming language in an offline context. Instructions and tooling are provided for:
Mirroring of Rust ecosystem artifacts:
Toolchains (Rustc, Cargo, libraries, etc.)
Rustup (toolchain multiplexer)
Crates.io (community-supplied Crates)
Incremental artifact downloading (with a configurable number of simultaneous download jobs).
Incremental artifact transfer to offline network.
Artifact serving in offline context (offline computer, disconnected network).
Scenarios
Romt support two main mirroring scenarios:
Development laptop scenario: Download Rust artifacts to the laptop when connected to the Internet, then serve the artifacts from the laptop when offline.
Disconnected network scenario: Download Rust artifacts on an Internet-connected “Export” machine, transfer them to an offline network, then serve the artifacts from an offline “Import” machine.
Instructions are provided for serving the artifacts using Romt itself via unencrypted HTTP or via the nginx web server.
Alternative Tooling
Panamax is an alternative to Romt, written in Rust: https://github.com/panamax-rs/panamax
Requirements
Python 3.8+ for running romt (requires some packages from pypi.org).
Git is required for manipulating the crates.io-index repository.
Internet-connected computer for initial downloading (Linux, Windows, Mac [1]).
Offline computer for serving artifacts (Linux, Windows, Mac).
[Optional] Gnu Privacy Guard (GPG), if installed, is used used for signature checking.
Romt installation
Install prerequisites
First install prerequisites for Romt:
Ensure Git is installed; it is required for proper manipulation of the crates.io-index repository.
For signature checking, GNU Privacy Guard (gpg) should be installed as well. If gpg is not available, signature files (*.asc) will still be transferred but signature checking will be skipped.
Next, choose an option for installation of Romt itself.
Option 1: Install a pre-built executable
The simplest method of installation is to use a pre-built self-contained executable from the Github release area: https://github.com/drmikehenry/romt/releases
Option 2: Install from Python Package Index
Romt is also available in the Python Package Index (PyPI). For machines with direct Internet access, installation is straightforward; for machines on a disconnected network, more steps are required.
First ensure that the PATH contains the directory that holds installed Python packages:
# For Linux: ~/.local/bin # For Windows with Python version X.Y: %APPDATA%\Python\PythonXY\Scripts
Next, choose installation method based on access to the Internet:
With direct Internet access:
Install directly from PyPI:
pip install --user romt
On a disconnected Network:
Download romt with dependencies (from Internet-connected machine):
mkdir romt cd romt pip download romtTransfer the romt directory to a machine on the disconnected network.
Install from the romt directory:
cd romt pip install --user --no-index --find-links . romt
Option 3: Work with source
If desired, the source may be cloned from Github and installed into a virtual environment.
Install Poetry globally as described in the documentation: https://python-poetry.org/docs/#installation
Clone source:
git clone https://github.com/drmikehenry/romt cd romtRun a Poetry shell (which creates and activates a virtual environment installed with Romt and all dependencies):
poetry shell
Optionally build an executable for your platform:
Linux:
./make-exec-linux.shWindows:
make-exec-windows.batMac:
./make-exec-darwin.shFind executables at:
dist/linux/romt dist/windows/romt.exe dist/darwin/romt
Romt usage overview
Romt is a Python-based command-line tool with several commands:
romt toolchain: mirror and manage Rust toolchains.
romt rustup: mirror and manage Rustup.
romt crate: mirror and manage crate files from crates.io.
romt serve: simple HTTP server for toolchains, rustup, and crates.
See romt --help for overall usage help.
In particular, note that romt --readme will display the contents of this README file for reference.
Quick-start development-laptop server
For the development-laptop scenario, follow these steps to get a working server configuration with mirrored Rust content.
Ensure the laptop has Internet access.
Install Romt (as above).
Create area for mirrored artifacts:
mkdir mirror cd mirrorDownload latest stable toolchain:
# Change ``linux`` to ``windows`` or ``darwin`` as appropriate: romt toolchain -v -s stable -t linux downloadDownload latest stable rustup version:
# Change ``linux`` to ``windows`` or ``darwin`` as appropriate: romt rustup -v -s stable -t linux downloadSetup crate mirror (one-time only):
romt crate initDownload full crates.io mirror:
romt crate -v --keep-going updateConfigure crate mirror to be served from localhost (one-time only):
romt crate configStart Romt as a server on http://localhost:8000:
romt serve
Quick-start disconnected-network server
Setting up a server for the disconnected-network scenario is similar to that for the development-laptop scenario above; explanations that overlap that scenario are omitted below.
On Internet-connected Export machine:
Install Romt (as above).
Create area for mirrored artifacts:
mkdir mirror cd mirrorDownload latest stable toolchain and create toolchain.tar.gz:
# Change ``linux`` to ``windows`` or ``darwin`` as appropriate: romt toolchain -v -s stable -t linux download packDownload latest stable rustup version and create rustup.tar.gz:
# Change ``linux`` to ``windows`` or ``darwin`` as appropriate: romt rustup -v -s stable -t linux download packSetup crate mirror (one-time only):
romt crate initDownload and create crates.tar.gz:
romt crate -v --keep-going exportTransfer toolchain.tar.gz, ``rustup.tar.gz, and crates.tar.gz to Import machine.
On Disconnected network Import machine:
Install Romt (as above).
Create area for mirrored artifacts (one-time only):
mkdir mirrorPlace exported toolchain.tar.gz, ``rustup.tar.gz, and crates.tar.gz files into this mirror/ directory, and enter the directory at a prompt:
cd mirrorImport toolchain and rustup:
romt toolchain -v unpack romt rustup -v unpackSetup crate mirror (one-time only):
romt crate init-importImport crates.tar.gz:
romt crate -v --keep-going importConfigure crate mirror to be served from localhost (one-time only):
romt crate configStart Romt as a server on http://localhost:8000:
romt serve
Quick-start client setup
Follow these steps to configure Rust tooling for use with a mirror server on localhost using either Quick-start server configuration above.
Setup environment variables to point to the server. By default, this will be at http://localhost:8000; adjust all uses of localhost:8000 below for different server address:port combinations:
# For Linux/Mac: export RUSTUP_DIST_SERVER=http://localhost:8000 export RUSTUP_UPDATE_ROOT=http://localhost:8000/rustup # For Windows: set RUSTUP_DIST_SERVER=http://localhost:8000 set RUSTUP_UPDATE_ROOT=http://localhost:8000/rustupDownload the rustup-init installer for your platform from the Romt server using the appropriate URL below, saving it into the current directory:
Run the installer, accepting the defaults:
# Linux/Mac: chmod +x rustup-init ./rustup-init # Windows rustup-initEnsure environment changes take place in current shell:
# For Linux/Mac: source $HOME/.cargo/env # For Windows: PATH %USERPROFILE%\.cargo\bin;%PATH%Try out some rustup commands:
rustup self update rustup component add rust-src
Create the text file ~/.cargo/config.toml (%USERPROFILE%\.cargo\config.toml on Windows) with the following content:
[source.crates-io] registry = 'http://localhost:8000/git/crates.io-index' # Disable cert revocation checking (necessary only on Windows): [http] check-revoke = false # For greatly improved performance, have Cargo use the Git command-line # client to acquire `crates.io-index` repository. See # https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/issues/9167 for details. [net] git-fetch-with-cli = true
Create a sample project to demonstrate crate usage:
cargo new rand_test cd rand_testAppend the following line to Cargo.toml (just below the [dependencies] line):
rand = ""
Fetch rand and its dependencies:
cargo fetch
Upgrading from Romt versions before 0.4.0
When upgrading Romt, it’s recommended to use the same version of Romt on both the Internet-connected and offline hosts.
Romt 0.4.0 changes how crate files are stored on-disk by default, in order to fix problems using a mirror with case-sensitive and case-insensitive filesystems simultaneously. Older Romt stores crates in directories based on the prefix of each crate’s mixed-case name (e.g., MyCrate-0.1.0.crate would have a prefix of My/Cr/). This works for filesystems that are either case-sensitive or case-insensitive, but it does not allow a tree of crate files created with one case sensitivity to be accessed using the opposite case sensitivity. Romt 0.4.0 now defaults to making prefix directories in lowercase, allowing a crate mirror to be used via arbitrary case sensitivity.
For backward compatibility, Romt 0.4.0 supports the use of existing mirror trees transparently. Newly created mirror trees will use lowercase prefixes by default (usable on all filesystems); mixed-case prefixes may be requested via the --prefix=mixed flag (permitted only with case-sensitive filesystems).
Romt 0.4.0 generates crate archives (crates.tar.gz) using mixed-case prefixes by default for backward compatibility, but it can also use lowercase prefixes for consistency with the preferred on-disk prefix format. To distinguish the prefix style, Romt 0.4.0 adds an ARCHIVE_FORMAT file to the crate archive. Format 1 is compatible with old Romt except for the addition of the ARCHIVE_FORMAT file. Old Romt will see this file as an error and refuse to unpack the archive by default, but processing will succeed using the invocation romt crate unpack --keep-going. To avoid corrupting an existing crate mirror by unpacking a new crate archive with old Romt, new archives currently default to format 1, but it’s recommended to upgrade Romt to ensure proper processing of all crate archive formats.
Converting crate mirror to lowercase prefixes
To convert an existing crate mirror (using mixed-case prefixes) to the new format (using lowercase prefixes), the easiest method is to make a crate archive of the old mirror, then unpack the archive using the new format. For example:
# Pack up existing crate mirror into ``crates.tar.gz``:
romt crate -v --keep-going --start 0 --end master pack
# Rename the old crate tree out of the way:
mv crates crates.old
# Initialize for importing with a temporary index area:
romt crate --index index-tmp init-import
# Unpack crates from crates.tar.gz into new crates/ tree:
romt crate -v --index index-tmp unpack
# Verify conversion:
romt crate verify -v --start 0
# Cleanup:
rm -rf index-tmp crates.oldNote that the above steps eliminate the unpredictable-case prefixes that are created with old Romt using a case-insensitive filesystem (such as on Windows).
Commonalities
Romt has some features that are shared across two or more commands.
TARGET
The TARGET specifies the platform for executables using standard tuple values (e.g., x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu). Any tuples supported by Rust are valid. Typical values are shown below; in parentheses are aliases Romt provides for ease of typing these common targets:
x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu (alias linux)
x86_64-pc-windows-msvc (alias windows)
x86_64-apple-darwin (alias darwin)
TARGET values are given by the option --target TARGET. Multiple TARGET options may be given, and each TARGET will be split at commas and whitespace to produce a list of desired TARGET values, e.g.:
--target linux,windows --target 'darwin i686-pc-windows-msvc'
A TARGET may be a literal all that expands to all known targets. For romt toolchain, this list comes from the manifest file. For romt rustup, it comes from a hard-code list within Romt; this is an ever-changing list that may be out-of-date in an old release of Romt.
A TARGET may be a literal * (asterisk) that expands to all targets with at least one on-disk file for the given SPEC.
SHA256 hashes
Each file named {file}.sha256 contains the SHA256 hash of the corresponding file named {file}. Romt verifies all hashes to ensure file integrity.
Command-line option details
The option --num-jobs controls how many simultaneous download jobs Romt may use at a time. By default, --num-jobs=4, which should be a conservative value that won’t stress the servers heavily.
The option --timeout controls the timeout in seconds for downloading. A value of zero disables the timeout functionality altogether.
The option --assume-ok instructs Romt that all files already on-disk are to be assumed OK; no hashes or signatures are checked for such files.
toolchain operation
The toolchain operation deals with Rust toolchains.
SPEC
Each toolchain is identified by a SPEC value which takes on one of the below forms:
{channel}
{channel}-{date}
{date}
In the above SPEC forms:
{channel} is typically one of the channel names nightly, beta, stable. It may also be a version number of the form X.Y.Z or a literal * (asterisk) as a wildcard that expands to the set nightly,beta,stable.
{date} is typically of the form YYYY-MM-DD (e.g., 2020-04-30). It may also be a literal * (asterisk) as a wildcard that expands to all toolchain dates on-disk, or a literal latest that expands to the most recent toolchain date on-disk.
Note that a SPEC value consisting of a single * represents a wildcarded {date} value, not a {channel} value. It is equivalent to *-* (making both {channel} and {date} wild).
Wildcards (* and latest) may not be used when downloading, and the {channel} is always required. The {date} field may be omitted to download the most recent toolchain for the given channel.
SPEC values are given by the option --select SPEC. Multiple SPEC options may be given, and each SPEC will be split at commas and whitespace to produce a list of desired SPEC values. E.g.:
--select nightly,stable --select beta-2020-01-23
TARGET
See the TARGET section of Commonalities above for details.
Manifest file
A manifest file provides details about a toolchain for a given SPEC, enumerating valid combinations of toolchain components and targets.
The manifest filename is of the form channel-rust-{channel}.toml, where {channel} is one of nightly, beta, or stable. For stable manifests, the manifest is duplicated into a file of the form channel-rust-{version}.toml, where {version} is a version number of the form X.Y.Z.
Downloading
Downloading is requested via the romt toolchain download command.
A toolchain is specified by a SPEC/TARGET pair. Both must be given. Wildcarding (via * or latest) is not permitted, though the {date} may be omitted from the SPEC value, and TARGET may be the literal all to download all known targets for the SPEC.
By default, all toolchain components will be downloaded; but when the switch --cross is supplied, only the Rust standard library component rust-std will be downloaded. This is to support cross-compilation to a given target without the need to download all toolchain components for that target.
Files are downloaded from https://static.rust-lang.org/dist by default; this may be changed via the option --url <URL>.
Files are downloaded to the destination directory dist/ by default; this may be changed via the option --dest DEST.
When downloaded, the toolchain will be stored on-disk in the following layout:
dist/
YYYY-MM-DD/
channel-rust-{channel}.toml
channel-rust-{channel}.toml.asc
channel-rust-{channel}.toml.sha256
{component}-{channel}.tar.xz
{component}-{channel}.tar.xz.asc
{component}-{channel}.tar.xz.sha256
{component}-{channel}-{target}.tar.xz
{component}-{channel}-{target}.tar.xz.asc
{component}-{channel}-{target}.tar.xz.sha256
Where:
YYYY-MM-DD is the toolchain date.
{channel} is one of nightly, beta, or stable.
{component} represents a toolchain component (e.g., rust, cargo, rust-src).
{target} represents a target tuple (e.g., x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu). Components lacking a {target} are common across all targets; currently this is limited to the rust-src component.
Each file named {file}.asc contains the Gnu Privacy Guard (GPG) digital signature of the corresponding file named {file}. Checking signature requires GPG; if it is not installed, signature files won’t be checked but they will still be transferred. The verification key is available at https://static.rust-lang.org/rust-key.gpg.ascii; this key is built into Romt itself for offline use.
For example, after downloading with this command:
romt toolchain download --select nightly-2020-04-30 --target linuxThe tree would contain (among other files):
dist/
2020-04-30/
channel-rust-nightly.toml
channel-rust-nightly.toml.asc
channel-rust-nightly.toml.sha256
rust-src-nightly.tar.xz
rust-src-nightly.tar.xz.asc
rust-src-nightly.tar.xz.sha256
rust-nightly-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu.tar.xz
rust-nightly-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu.tar.xz.asc
rust-nightly-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu.tar.xz.sha256
For convenience, the most recently released toolchain for each channel (nightly, beta, or stable) will be copied directly into the dist/ directory. This is especially helpful for stable and beta builds so that the date of the most recent release need not be known in advance. For stable manifests, the version-specific copy of the manifest is placed into dist/ as well.
For example, as of 2020-05-06, the most recent manifests were for SPEC values of:
nightly-2020-05-06
beta-2020-04-26
stable-2020-04-23 (version 1.43.0)
On that date, performing a download with --target linux and --select nightly,beta,stable would yield the following downloaded manifests:
dist/
channel-rust-beta.toml
channel-rust-nightly.toml
channel-rust-stable.toml
channel-rust-1.43.0.toml
2020-04-23/
channel-rust-stable.toml
channel-rust-1.43.0.toml
2020-04-26/
channel-rust-beta.toml
2020-05-06/
channel-rust-nightly.toml
Where the dateless manifests housed directly in dist/ are copies of those from the dated directories.
Because the contents of dateless manifests are subject to change, cached copies of these files are re-downloaded during a download command.
Packing/unpacking
Downloaded toolchains may be packed into an ARCHIVE file using the romt toolchain pack command.
The archive file may be moved to another machine and unpacked using the romt toolchain unpack command.
Romt will detect when a toolchain has been downloaded via the --cross switch, in which case only the rust-std component (along with whatever other toolchain components are present, if any) will be processed.
For both pack and unpack, the ARCHIVE file is named toolchain.tar.gz by default; this may be changed via the option --archive ARCHIVE.
An unpack command automatically performs a verify (described below). In addition, dateless manifests are reconstructed automatically during unpack as part of a fixup operation (described below).
An archive file contains files from dated subdirectories only. Given the example above for the download command, the ARCHIVE would contain only these manifests:
dist/
2020-04-23/
channel-rust-stable.toml
2020-04-26/
channel-rust-beta.toml
2020-05-06/
channel-rust-nightly.toml
Fixup
Each toolchain identified by a SPEC has a canonical manifest file stored in the toolchain’s dated directory. This file has a path of the form YYYY-MM-DD/channel-rust-{channel}.toml, where {channel} is one of the channel names nightly, beta, or stable.
The “fixup” operation is responsible for making any necessary copies of each canonical manifest in the dist/ tree. If the given on-disk manifest is found in the latest dated directory, it will be copied into the top-level dist/ directory. In addition, for each SPEC on the stable channel a version-specific manifest file of the form channel-rust-X.Y.Z.toml will be copied into the dated directory and the top-level dist/ directory.
A fixup operation may be explicitly requested via the romt toolchain fixup command, though that should rarely be required because it is automatically performed after any download or unpack command.
Consider the example above for the download command; it would generate an archive containing only these canonical manifests:
dist/
2020-04-23/
channel-rust-stable.toml
2020-04-26/
channel-rust-beta.toml
2020-05-06/
channel-rust-nightly.toml
The fixup command would copy these manifests to create:
dist/
channel-rust-beta.toml
channel-rust-nightly.toml
channel-rust-stable.toml
channel-rust-1.43.0.toml
2020-04-23/
channel-rust-stable.toml
channel-rust-1.43.0.toml
2020-04-26/
channel-rust-beta.toml
2020-05-06/
channel-rust-nightly.toml
Listing downloaded toolchains
The romt toolchain list command prints information about on-disk toolchains for the provided SPEC values. Wildcards are permitted.
For example, the most recent on-disk stable release can be shown via:
romt toolchain list --select 'stable-latest'With example output:
stable-2024-02-08(1.76.0) targets[10/94] packages[34/425] x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu native-target x86_64-unknown-linux-musl cross-target
Next to each target name is that target’s “type”, one of:
native-target (a full toolchain)
cross-target (a toolchain for cross-compilation)
minimal (minimal toolchain components with no compilation support)
A native-target contains a full toolchain capable of running on the target natively (and compiling Rust code to that target as well).
A cross-target does not contain a compiler that runs on the target; but it does contain the Rust standard library component rust-std for the target, enabling cross-compilation to the target (using a native-target toolchain on another host).
A minimal target lacks rust-std but has some minimal components available. Typically a minimal target shows up by coincidence because it shares one or more components with another target. For example, at the time of this writing the minimal target mips-unknown-linux-gnu has no components of its own in toolchain 1.76.0, but it shares the component rust-docs with the more common target x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu; therefore, downloading the full toolchain for x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu will cause mips-unknown-linux-gnu to be present as a minimal toolchain.
Because most minimal targets are present only by coincidence and not useful, listing them is suppressed by default. Use --verbose to include them, e.g.:
.. code-block:: sh
romt toolchain list –select ‘stable-latest’ –verbose
With example output:
List: stable-2024-02-08 [verify] dist/2024-02-08/channel-rust-stable.toml stable-2024-02-08(1.76.0) targets[10/94] packages[34/425] mips-unknown-linux-gnu minimal mips64-unknown-linux-gnuabi64 minimal mips64el-unknown-linux-gnuabi64 minimal mipsel-unknown-linux-gnu minimal mipsisa32r6-unknown-linux-gnu minimal mipsisa32r6el-unknown-linux-gnu minimal mipsisa64r6-unknown-linux-gnuabi64 minimal mipsisa64r6el-unknown-linux-gnuabi64 minimal x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu native-target x86_64-unknown-linux-musl cross-target
To suppress information about targets, use --quiet:
romt toolchain list --select 'stable-latest' --quietWith example output:
stable-2024-02-08(1.76.0)
With wildcards, Romt can provide a listing of all available toolchains for a given channel:
romt toolchain list -s 'nightly-*'With example output:
nightly-2024-02-14(1.78.0) targets[9/94] packages[54/486] x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu native-target nightly-2023-10-31(1.75.0) targets[9/95] packages[54/488] x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu native-target nightly-2023-07-04(1.72.0) targets[5/96] packages[53/529] x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu native-target
After toolchain importation, it may be useful to list toolchains for each channel for reference:
romt toolchain list -s 'nightly-*' > nightly.txt
romt toolchain list -s 'beta-*' > beta.txt
romt toolchain list -s 'stable-*' > stable.txttoolchain scenarios
For the laptop scenario, only the download command is needed. After downloading a toolchain, it will be available for serving via romt serve (or other means). For example, to download the latest stable toolchain for Linux:
romt toolchain download --select stable --target linuxFor the disconnected network scenario, toolchains are downloaded and packed on an Internet-connected Export machine, then unpacked on an Import machine, e.g.:
On the Export machine:
First, download the latest stable toolchain for Linux into a local dist/ directory and pack it into an archive for transfer:
romt toolchain download pack --select stable --target linuxTransfer the resulting toolchain.tar.gz file onto the Import machine.
On the Import machine:
Unpack the archive into a local dist/ directory:
romt toolchain unpack
Miscellaneous commands
A few additional commands are provided for romt toolchain.
romt toolchain fetch-manifest is the same as download, but only the manifest is downloaded.
romt toolchain verify validates the SHA256 hashes and GPG signatures of on-disk toolchains. It is implicitly done as part of download and unpack.
romt toolchain all-targets prints a list of all known targets mentioned in the given SPEC.
Command-line option details
The option --warn-signature instructs Romt to treat signature failures as warnings instead of as failures. Signature files will still be downloaded and transferred. This might be helpful in case the signing key changes.
The option --no-signature prevents both downloading and checking of GPG signature files (*.asc). This is mainly for testing.
rustup operation
The rustup operation deals with the Rustup toolchain multiplexer.
SPEC
Each rustup version is identified by a SPEC value which takes on one of the below forms:
{version}
stable
latest
*
In the above SPEC forms:
{version} is a version number of the form X.Y.Z.
A literal stable refers to the current stable version given in the release-stable.toml file (described later).
A literal * (asterisk) is a wildcard that expands to all on-disk versions.
A literal latest is a wildcard that expands to the latest on-disk version.
Wildcards (* and latest) may not be used when downloading, but stable is permitted.
SPEC values are given by the option --select SPEC. Multiple SPEC options may be given, and each SPEC will be split at commas and whitespace to produce a list of desired SPEC values. E.g.:
--select stable,1.20.0 --select '1.19.0 1.20.1'
TARGET
See the TARGET section of Commonalities above for details.
Downloading
Downloading is requested via the romt rustup download command.
A rustup executable is specified by a SPEC/TARGET pair. Both must be given. Wildcarding (via * or latest) is not permitted, though SPEC may be the literal stable to download the latest stable release, and TARGET may be the literal all to download all known targets for the SPEC.
Files are downloaded from https://static.rust-lang.org/rustup by default; this may be changed via the option --url <URL>.
Files are downloaded to the destination directory rustup/ by default; this may be changed via the option --dest DEST.
When downloaded, files will be stored on-disk in the following layout:
rustup/
release-stable.toml
archive/
{version}/
{target}/
{rustup}
{rustup}.sha256
dist/
{target}/
Where:
release-stable.toml is a configuration file that indicates the most recent stable version of rustup.
{version} is a rustup version of the form X.Y.Z.
{target} represents a target tuple (e.g., x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu).
{rustup} is the name of the rustup executable. On most platforms, this is rustup-init; on Windows, it’s rustup-init.exe.
For example, if version 1.21.1 were the most recent stable version, after downloading with this command:
romt rustup download --select stable --target linuxThe tree would contain:
rustup/
release-stable.toml
dist/
x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/
rustup-init
rustup-init.sha256
archive/
1.21.1/
x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/
rustup-init
rustup-init.sha256
For convenience, all targets found in the most recently released rustup version will be copied directly into the rustup/dist/ directory.
Because the release-stable.toml file is subject to change, this file will be re-downloaded during a download command when SPEC is stable.
Packing/unpacking
Downloaded rustup executables may be packed into an ARCHIVE file using the romt rustup pack command.
The archive file may be moved to another machine and unpacked using the romt rustup unpack command.
For both pack and unpack, the ARCHIVE file is named rustup.tar.gz by default; this may be changed via the option --archive ARCHIVE.
An unpack command automatically performs a verify (described below). In addition, the rustup/dist/ tree is created automatically during unpack as part of a fixup operation (described below).
An archive file contains files from rustup/archive/{version} subdirectories only. Given the example above for the download command, the ARCHIVE would contain only these files:
rustup/
archive/
1.21.1/
x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/
rustup-init
rustup-init.sha256
Fixup
Each rustup version is stored in a directory of the form rustup/archive/{version}.
The “fixup” operation is responsible for copying the most recent on-disk rustup version to rustup/dist/, and for updating rustup/release-stable.toml to contain the most recent version number.
A fixup operation may be explicitly requested via the romt rustup fixup command, though that should rarely be required because it is automatically performed after any download or unpack command.
Consider the example above for the download command that generated the following archive contents:
rustup/
archive/
1.21.1/
x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/
rustup-init
rustup-init.sha256
Assuming this is the latest on-disk version, the fixup command would copy rustup/archive/1.21.1 to rustup/archive as shown below, and it would create release-stable.toml to point to version 1.21.1:
rustup/
release-stable.toml
archive/
1.21.1/
x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/
rustup-init
rustup-init.sha256
dist/
x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/
rustup-init
rustup-init.sha256
Listing downloaded rustup versions
The romt rustup list command prints information about on-disk rustup versions for the provided SPEC values. Wildcards are permitted.
For example, the most recent on-disk version can be shown via:
romt rustup list --select 'latest'With example output:
List: 1.21.1 1.21.1 targets[1] x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
To suppress information about targets, use --quiet:
romt rustup list --select 'latest' --quietWith example output:
1.21.1
With wildcards, Romt can provide a listing of all available rustup versions:
romt rustup list -s '*'With example output:
List: 1.21.1 1.21.1 targets[1] x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu List: 1.21.0 1.21.0 targets[1] x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu List: 1.20.0 1.20.0 targets[1] x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
rustup scenarios
For the laptop scenario, only the download command is needed. After downloading a rustup executable, it will be available for serving via romt serve (or other means). For example, to download the latest stable rustup for Linux:
romt rustup download --select stable --target linuxFor the disconnected network scenario, rustup versions are downloaded and packed on an Internet-connected Export machine, then unpacked on an Import machine, e.g.:
On the Export machine:
First, download the latest stable rustup for Linux into a local rustup/ directory and pack it into an archive for transfer:
romt rustup download pack --select stable --target linuxTransfer the resulting rustup.tar.gz file onto the Import machine.
On the Import machine:
Unpack the archive into a local rustup/ directory:
romt rustup unpack
Miscellaneous commands
A few additional commands are provided for romt rustup.
romt rustup verify validates the SHA256 hashes of on-disk rustup executables. It is implicitly done as part of download and unpack.
romt rustup all-targets prints a list of all known targets in Romt’s hard-coded list.
crate operation
The crate operation deals with crates (community-written packages of Rust source code) from the server https://crates.io.
Crates.io INDEX
Individual crates are indexed via a Git repository called INDEX. By default, INDEX is cloned from https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index; this may be changed with the option --index-url INDEX_URL.
The INDEX contains one text file for each crate name, where each line of the file is a JSON-formatted description of a single version of that crate. When a new crate file is uploaded, another line is appended to the file and a new commit is made.
The on-disk INDEX directory defaults to git/crates.io-index; it may be changed via the option --index INDEX.
INDEX branches
INDEX is essentially a standard Git clone with some additional conventions. It uses the following branches:
remotes/origin/master
The master branch of the origin repository. Typically this is the repository on Github given by the default value of INDEX_URL.
master
The local master branch. This is based on remotes/origin/master, with possible changes to the config.json file (described later).
origin_master
A local convenience branch that tracks remotes/origin/master. This makes it easy to push master and remotes/origin/master to a server.
mark
A branch for tracking progress (detailed later).
working
A branch checked out to the working tree and used for merging and modifying repository content; changes are then published atomically to the master branch to avoid race conditions.
INDEX file structure
To keep the number of files in each directory down to a manageable size, the text files for each crate are distributed into subdirectories based on the first few characters of the crate’s name. The path within INDEX for a crate named {crate} is given by {prefix}/{crate}, where {prefix} is calculated based on the length of the crate’s name; variations exist for 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-or-more characters:
{prefix} |
crate name length |
crate name (as lowercase) |
|---|---|---|
1 |
1 |
a |
2 |
2 |
ab |
3/a |
3 |
abc |
ab/cd |
4 or more |
abcd* |
The directory names are based on the crate name converted to lowercase so that the repository may be cloned on case-insensitive filesystems (such as on Windows).
For example, the file for the serde crate would be found by default at git/crates.io-index/se/rd/serde.
In addition to per-crate files, there is a config.json file in the INDEX that configures the URL for downloading crate files.
INDEX range
A RANGE is defined by a START commit and an END commit. The changes made to the INDEX between START and END represent the list of crates in RANGE that were uploaded to crates.io.
Because START and END represent Git commits, any valid Git commit reference may be used. In addition, START may be given the value 0 when there is no starting commit, in which case all commits through END are in RANGE.
The START commit is selected via the option --start START.
The END commit is selected via the option --end END.
In general, START and END must both be valid commits in the INDEX; but because Git branches can’t refer to an empty commit, there is no way to initialize a branch name to a value (like 0) that means “the start of the repository”. To handle this case, the option --allow-missing-start indicates that Romt should treat an unknown branch name for START to be the same as 0.
Crate files
Crate files (*.crate) are tarballs containing Rust source code. Filenames follow the naming convention {crate}-{version}.crate, where {crate} is the name of the crate (e.g., serde) and {version} is the crate’s version number in the form X.Y.Z.
The URL for a given crate file is given by the template CRATES_URL. The default value is https://static.crates.io/crates/{crate}/{crate}-{version}.crate; it may be changed with the option --crates-url CRATES_URL.
For each crate, the CRATES_URL template will be expanded by replacing {crate} with the name of the crate and {version} with its version. For example, the default URL for version 1.0.99 of the serde crate would be: https://static.crates.io/crates/serde/serde-1.0.99.crate
In addition, {prefix} and {lowerprefix} will be replaced with the crate’s prefix and lowercase prefix, respectively (where the construction of the prefix is explained below).
As an alternative, to use the crate.io API for downloading crates, set CRATES_URL to: https://crates.io/api/v1/crates/{crate}/{version}/download
CRATES_ROOT
Crate files (*.crate) are stored on-disk in a directory tree rooted at CRATES_ROOT, which defaults to crates/ and may be changed via the option --crates CRATES_ROOT.
As with the INDEX, crate files are distributed into subdirectories based on the first few characters of the crate’s name. By default, the prefixes are lowercase (unless forced to mixed-case via romt crate --prefix=mixed). Romt versions before 0.4.0 used mixed-case prefixes exclusively, as the author did not know how to compute lowercase prefixes in nginx rules (this is now solved using Perl with nginx). Mixed-case prefixes caused problems when accessing a crates mirror via both case-sensitive and case-insensitive shares simultaneously, so lowercase prefixes are now preferred.
{prefix} |
crate name length |
crate name |
|---|---|---|
1 |
1 |
a |
2 |
2 |
ab |
3/a |
3 |
abc |
ab/cd |
4 or more |
abcd* |
A crate with name {crate} and version {version} is found within CRATES_ROOT at {prefix}/{crate}/{crate}-{version}.crate.
For example, version 1.0.99 of the serde crate would be found by default at crates/se/rd/serde/serde-1.0.99.crate.
Initializing
The INDEX and CRATES_ROOT areas must be initialized before use. The initialization method depends on the use.
The romt crate init command creates the INDEX and CRATES_ROOT areas and prepares the INDEX as a Git repository with remote named origin that points to a Git remote given by INDEX_URL. This is suitable for the laptop scenario and for the Export machine in the disconnected network scenario.
The romt crate init-import command is for use on the Import machine in the disconnected scenario. It’s similar to init, but instead of configuring INDEX’s origin remote to INDEX_URL, it configures origin to be a local bundle file at BUNDLE_PATH that conveys INDEX commits sent from the Export machine. Subsequent unpack commands will query the url key for the origin remote within INDEX to determine BUNDLE_PATH. The default value of BUNDLE_PATH is origin.bundle within the INDEX directory; this may be changed via --bundle-path BUNDLE_PATH.
By default, crate files are stored on-disk using lowercase prefixes. Using romt crate --prefix=mixed forces the use of mixed-case prefixes (as used in Romt before version 0.4.0). Lowercase prefixes are recommended. Romt will not permit the use of --prefix=mixed when using case-insensitive filesystems (such as on Windows) to avoid creating unpredictable-case prefixes due to case aliasing issues.
Romt (as of version 0.4.0) creates a config.toml file in CRATES_ROOT as an implementation detail to aid in the transition to lowercase crate prefixes; users should generally not have to interact with it. Future versions of Romt may remove this configuration file and use lowercase prefixes exclusively.
config
After initialization via init or init-import, the local INDEX repository will be properly setup. If the INDEX contents will be served to clients directly (e.g., for the laptop scenario or the Import machine in the offline network scenario), it must be configured for the URL of the offline server by editing the file config.json within the top-level directory of INDEX. The default contents of config.json (as found on Github) are:
{
"dl": "https://crates.io/api/v1/crates",
"api": "https://crates.io"
}
The dl key in particular informs cargo and other INDEX consumers how to download crate files cataloged by INDEX.
The romt crate config command edits config.json based on the value of SERVER_URL; this defaults to http://localhost:8000 (as used by romt serve, described later). It may be changed via the option --server-url SERVER_URL.
Given SERVER_URL, the dl key will be set to:
SERVER_URL/crates/{crate}/{crate}-{version}.crate
By default, this will be:
http://localhost:8000/crates/{crate}/{crate}-{version}.crate
Rust tooling (e.g., Cargo) will start with the value of the dl key and substitute {crate} with the name of the crate and {version} with the crate’s version number to form the URL for a given crate file.
Only the SERVER_URL portion of the dl key is currently configurable; the rest of the URL is hard-coded to match the conventions of romt serve. However, any changes manually committed to config.json will be preserved by subsequent Romt operations.
Changes to config.json are committed to the local working branch, and ultimately published to the local master branch (via the mark command). As upstream commits are merged into master, Romt will ensure that the local config.json changes take precedence over possible upstream changes.
mark
Romt uses a branch named mark as a commit placeholder within INDEX. It tracks progress through the INDEX, marking one operation’s END commit for use as the next operation’s START commit.
The romt crate mark command sets both the mark branch and the master branch to the commit indicated by END. START defaults to mark such that subsequent operations pick up where previous ones left off. END defaults to HEAD (generally the working branch) such that RANGE includes all unprocessed commits.
Note that working copy modifications (merges and edits) are done on the working branch. Changes won’t be visible on the master branch until after the mark command is executed, ensuring clients won’t see partially complete modifications while the repository is being updated.
Pulling INDEX commits
Before downloading crate files, the INDEX must be updated. The romt crate pull command fetches the latest commits from INDEX’s origin remote into the remotes/origin/master branch, then marks this location in the local branch origin_master for convenience of reference. The fetched commits are then merged into the HEAD branch (typically working), preserving any local modifications that may have been made to config.json. If the merge operation fails, the working copy is reset to remotes/origin/master and any local changes to config.json that may have been present in HEAD before the pull are re-applied.
Note: In Romt version 0.1.3 and earlier, HEAD defaulted to master, leaving a small race window where partial modifications to the repository could be visible to clients (e.g., master might include mention of a crate that hasn’t yet been downloaded). Therefore, Romt now defaults to using the branch working for merging and other modifications to the repository. These changes won’t be visible on master until the mark command is invoked. At each pull operation, Romt will upgrade the repository to use a working branch if HEAD is not set to working and the working branch does not yet exist. To avoid this, pre-create a working branch (with arbitrary content) before executing a pull command, and Romt will not switch HEAD to working.
Downloading
Downloading of crate files is requested via the romt crate download command.
The subset of crate files to download is determined by the RANGE of commits (from START through END) in the INDEX. Each file is downloaded from the upstream location indicated by CRATES_URL as explained previously. As part of downloading, Romt verifies the SHA256 hash of each crate against the value stored in INDEX to ensure file integrity.
Each crate file is stored below CRATES_ROOT using the prefix mechanism described earlier.
Sometimes individual crate files are removed from the upstream mirror. Romt warns about such failures and continues with the rest of the crates in the RANGE. After attempting all crates in RANGE, by default Romt will abort if any crates failed to download. The option --keep-going allows Romt to continue past download failures to subsequent steps (e.g., packing an archive file).
Packing/unpacking
The romt crate pack command creates a Git bundle file of the commits in RANGE, then packs the bundle file along with the downloaded crate files included in RANGE into an ARCHIVE file.
The archive file may be moved to another machine and unpacked using the unpack command.
For both pack and unpack, the ARCHIVE file is named crates.tar.gz by default; this may be changed via the option --archive ARCHIVE.
For the pack command, a Git bundle file is written to disk at BUNDLE_PATH before being inserted into the ARCHIVE. The default value of BUNDLE_PATH is origin.bundle within the INDEX directory; this may be changed via --bundle-path BUNDLE_PATH.
An unpack command extracts the Git bundle file and all crate files, placing the bundle at the BUNDLE_PATH value specified with the init-import command. Crate files are unpacked into CRATES_ROOT. Note that crate files are not verified automatically as part of the unpack operation.
An archive file uses the directory structure of CRATES_ROOT for crate files and the default on-disk location for the Git, and it places the Git bundle file into the archive with the hard-coded path git/crates.io-index/origin.bundle. For example:
git/crates.io-index/origin.bundle crates/3/n/num/num-0.0.1.crate crates/gl/ob/glob/glob-0.0.1.crate crates/se/mv/semver/semver-0.1.0.crate crates/uu/id/uuid/uuid-0.0.1.crate
Verify
The romt crate verify command checks the integrity of each downloaded crate included in RANGE within INDEX. Using the SHA256 hash values contained in INDEX for each crate file, Romt ensures that the downloaded crate files have not been corrupted and that no files in RANGE are missing.
update, export, and import
For each of the three main use cases, there is short command name that implies the needed steps:
update is the same as pull download mark. This is useful for the laptop scenario.
export is the same as pull download pack mark. This is useful for the Export machine in the disconnected network scenario.
import is the same as unpack pull verify mark. This is useful for the Import machine in the disconnected network scenario.
Listing downloaded crate files
The romt crate list command prints the filename for each crate included in RANGE within INDEX, independent of whether those crate files have been downloaded.
For example, to see what new crates are available, first pull the latest INDEX and then list:
romt crate pull listWith example output:
pull... list... gc-0.3.4.crate brs-0.2.0.crate cxx-0.3.1.crate irc-0.14.0.crate scd-0.1.3.crate [...]
crate scenarios
For the laptop scenario, only the update command is needed, after which crates will be available for serving via romt serve (or other means). For example, to download the latest crates:
romt crate updateFor the disconnected network scenario, crate versions are downloaded and packed on an Internet-connected Export machine, then unpacked on an Import machine, e.g.:
On the Export machine:
First, download the latest crates and pack them into crates.tar.gz:
romt crate exportTransfer the resulting crates.tar.gz file onto the Import machine.
On the Import machine:
Unpack the archive:
romt crate import
serve operation
The serve operation runs a local HTTP server exposing toolchain, rustup, and crate artifacts.
serve URL
By default, romt serve listens at the following URL:
http://localhost:8000
To use http://ADDR:PORT, use the switches --bind ADDR and/or --port PORT.
serve directory layout
romt serve expects the current working directory ($PWD) to contain all artifacts being served. Artifacts must be laid out in their default locations described elsewhere, as follows:
$PWD/
dist/
rustup/
crates/
git/
crates.io-index/
URLs of the form http://ADDR:PORT/{path} generally map directly to $PWD/{path}; exceptions are noted below.
URLs with paths below /crates/ are expected to be of the following form:
http://ADDR:PORT/crates/{crate}/{crate}-{version}.crate
romt serve will rewrite the URL to insert the expected {prefix} used in CRATES_ROOT, effectively transforming the URLs to:
http://ADDR:PORT/crates/{prefix}/{crate}/{crate}-{version}.crate
URLs with paths below /git/ refer to Git repositories. Romt uses git-http-backend as distributed with Git to serve these repositories. For this purpose, romt serve uses a cgi-bin/ directory in the current working directory to interface via CGI with git-http-backend.
Upon launching romt serve, Romt searches for one of the following files in cgi-bin/ (depending on the platform):
On Windows:
git-http-backend.bat git-http-backend.exeOn non-Windows:
git-http-backend.sh git-http-backend
If found, Romt will use that file for serving Git repositories via CGI. If not found, Romt will look in known locations for the git-http-backend executable and create a platform-dependent wrapper script in cgi-bin/ to invoke the executable; the script is named git-http-backend.bat on Windows and git-http-backend.sh on non-Windows.
Currently, Romt probes for the backend in these hard-coded locations (depending on the platform):
On Windows:
C:/Program Files/Git/mingw64/libexec/git-core/git-http-backend.exe
On non-Windows:
/usr/lib/git-core/git-http-backend (typical Linux)
/usr/libexec/git-core/git-http-backend (Alpine Linux)
To manually setup the Git backend, create a script file in cgi-bin/ with contents similar to these examples (depending on platform):
On Windows, create cgi-bin/git-http-backend.bat with contents:
@echo off "C:\Program Files\Git\mingw64\libexec\git-core\git-http-backend.exe"
On non-Windows, create cgi-bin/git-http-backend.sh with contents:
#!/bin/sh exec '/usr/lib/git-core/git-http-backend'
Then make the script executable:
chmod +x cgi-bin/git-http-backend.sh
nginx configuration
Rust artifacts may optionally be served via the nginx web server. A simple example for Ubuntu Linux is shown below. If you change host or port values below, configure the index repository via: .. code-block:: sh
romt crate config –server-url <SERVER_URL>
Below is a sample nginx configuration.
Place the following content into /etc/nginx/sites-available/rust. Make adjustments as indicated by each TODO. These instructions assume crates are stored using lowercase prefixes; if using mixed-case prefixes, adjust as directed by the TODO comments:
server {
listen 8000 default_server;
listen [::]:8000 default_server;
# TODO: Change to absolute path to mirror directory:
root /ABSOLUTE/PATH/TO/mirror;
server_name _;
location / {
autoindex on;
}
# Support serving of Git repositories via git-http-backend.
location ~ /git(/.*) {
# TODO: Change to absolute path to mirror/git directory:
fastcgi_param GIT_PROJECT_ROOT /ABSOLUTE/PATH/TO/mirror/git;
include fastcgi_params;
fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/fcgiwrap.socket;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /usr/lib/git-core/git-http-backend;
fastcgi_param GIT_HTTP_EXPORT_ALL "";
fastcgi_param PATH_INFO $1;
}
# Rewrite URLs like /crates/{crate}/{crate}-{version}.crate to use
# a prefix based on the crate name. Special cases for crate names
# with 1, 2, 3, and 4-or-more characters:
# a/a-{version}.crate -> 1/a/a-{version}.crate
# ab/ab-{version}.crate -> 2/aa/ab-{version}.crate
# abc/abc-{version}.crate -> 3/a/abc/abc-{version}.crate
# abcd*/abcd*-{version}.crate -> ab/cd/abcd*-{version}.crate
# TODO: Comment out this line for mixed-case crate prefixes:
rewrite "^/crates/.*$" "$crates_uri" last;
# TODO: Uncomment these four lines for mixed-case crate prefixes:
# rewrite "^/crates/([^/])/([^/]+)$" "/crates/1/$1/$2" last;
# rewrite "^/crates/([^/]{2})/([^/]+)$" "/crates/2/$1/$2" last;
# rewrite "^/crates/([^/])([^/]{2})/([^/]+)$" "/crates/3/$1/$1$2/$3" last;
# rewrite "^/crates/([^/]{2})([^/]{2})([^/]*)/([^/]+)$" "/crates/$1/$2/$1$2$3/$4" last;
}
Serving crates with lowercase prefixes requires Perl support in nginx (on Ubuntu, this requires the package nginx-extras instead of nginx-full); Perl support is not required for mixed-case prefixes. To serve crates with lowercase prefixes, create the file /etc/nginx/conf.d/perl.conf with the below contents:
# Reference: https://nginx.org/en/docs/http/ngx_http_perl_module.html
# Include the perl module
perl_modules perl/lib;
# The variable `$crates_uri` will be computed by the Perl subroutine
# below, adding a lowercase prefix as required based on the crate name.
perl_set $crates_uri 'sub {
my $r = shift;
my $uri = $r->uri;
# Remove all newline characters to avoid CRLF injection vulnerability
# (https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3666003/how-i-can-translate-uppercase-to-lowercase-letters-in-a-rewrite-rule-in-nginx-we/68054489#68054489):
$uri =~ s/\R//g;
if ($uri =~ m@^/crates/([^/])/([^/]+)$@) {
$uri = "/crates/1/" . "$1/$2";
} elsif ($uri =~ m@^/crates/([^/]{2})/([^/]+)$@) {
$uri = "/crates/2/" . "$1/$2";
} elsif ($uri =~ m@^/crates/([^/])([^/]{2})/([^/]+)$@) {
$uri = lc("/crates/3/$1/") . "$1$2/$3";
} elsif ($uri =~ m@^/crates/([^/]{2})([^/]{2})([^/]*)/([^/]+)$@) {
$uri = lc("/crates/$1/$2/") . "$1$2$3/$4";
}
return $uri;
}';
Activate the rust site via:
ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/rust /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/
Amazon S3 storage
Currently static artifacts hosted on Rust CDNs are served via Amazon S3 buckets. At times directly accessing the bucket can be helpful.
A helpful command-line tool for use with S3 buckets is awscli: https://github.com/aws/aws-cli
Rust https URLs map to S3 bucket URLs as follows:
https://static.rust-lang.org -> s3://static-rust-lang-org
https://static.crates.io -> s3://crates-io
Note: unfortunately, the “list” privilege is disabled for the crates-io bucket.
Here are some common operations on S3 buckets:
List files beginning with PREFIX:
aws s3 ls --no-sign-request s3://BUCKET_NAME/PREFIXAdd --recursive flag to recurse into subdirectories.
Download a file:
aws s3 cp --no-sign-request s3://BUCKET_NAME/path/file local_file
Examples:
List channel files for toolchain for 2020-04-30:
aws s3 ls --no-sign-request s3://static-rust-lang-org/dist/2020-04-30/chanwith example output:
2020-04-29 20:23:44 10 channel-rust-nightly-date.txt 2020-04-29 20:23:44 833 channel-rust-nightly-date.txt.asc 2020-04-29 20:23:44 96 channel-rust-nightly-date.txt.sha256 2020-04-29 20:23:44 40 channel-rust-nightly-git-commit-hash.txt ...
List rustup versions:
aws s3 ls --no-sign-request s3://static-rust-lang-org/rustup/archive/with example output:
PRE 0.2.0/ PRE 0.3.0/ PRE 0.4.0/ ...
Download serde-1.0.99.crate:
aws s3 cp --no-sign-request s3://crates-io/crates/serde/serde-1.0.99.crate .This is functionally equivalent to:
curl -O https://static.crates.io/crates/serde/serde-1.0.99.crate
Troubleshooting
Proxy server troubleshooting
The author has not tested Romt with a proxy server, but user feedback indicates it’s possible (see https://github.com/drmikehenry/romt/issues/10). The httpx library’s support for proxying is documented at: https://www.python-httpx.org/advanced/#http-proxying
httpx understands several environment variables (documented at the page above) that may be used to influence proxy operation. In addition, httpx has information about debugging proxy-related issues at: https://www.python-httpx.org/contributing/#development-proxy-setup
Also, httpx can produce more debugging information by setting the environment variable HTTPX_LOG_LEVEL to trace (as documented at https://www.python-httpx.org/environment_variables/). As a sample invocation on Linux:
HTTPX_LOG_LEVEL=trace romt toolchain -v -s nightly -t all fetch-manifest
Download timeouts
Romt 0.3.0 added support for simultaneous downloading based on the httpx library; this came with a a default timeout of five seconds which can lead to ConnectTimeout or ReadTimeout errors depending on choice of --num-jobs and network characteristics (see https://github.com/drmikehenry/romt/issues/16).
Romt 0.4.0 adds a --timeout switch to control this timeout, and changed the default value to sixty seconds. If timeouts are still occurring, use a larger timeout value (or use --timeout 0 to disable timeouts altogether).
Reference
“Downloading all the crates on crates.io” provides good reference information on mirroring Rust artifacts: https://www.pietroalbini.org/blog/downloading-crates-io/
More information on Rust checksumming, signatures, etc., can be found at: https://internals.rust-lang.org/t/future-updates-to-the-rustup-distribution-format/4196
Information on the “rustup” project: https://github.com/rust-lang/rustup
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