ruamel.yaml
Starting with 0.10.7 the package has been reorganised and the command line utility is in its own package ruamel.yaml.cmd (so installing ruamel.yaml doesn’t pull in possibly irrelevant modules only used in the command line utility)
ruamel.yaml is a YAML package for Python. It is a derivative of Kirill Simonov’s PyYAML 3.11 which supports YAML1.1
Major differences with PyYAML 3.11:
integrated Python 2 and 3 sources, running on Python 2.6, 2.7 (CPython, PyPy), 3.3 and 3.4.
round trip mode that includes comments (block mode, key ordering kept)
support for simple lists as mapping keys by transforming these to tuples
!!omap generates ordereddict (C) on Python 2, collections.OrderedDict on Python 3, and !!omap is generated for these types.
some YAML 1.2 enhancements (0o octal prefix, \/ escape)
pep8 compliance
tox and py.test based testing
Tests whether the C yaml library is installed as well as the header files. That library doesn’t generate CommentTokens, so it cannot be used to do round trip editing on comments. It can be used to speed up normal processing (so you don’t need to install ruamel.yaml and PyYaml). See the section Optional requirements.
Basic support for multiline strings with preserved newlines and chomping ( ‘|’, ‘|+’, ‘|-’ ). As this subclasses the string type the information is lost on reassignment. (This might be changed in the future so that the preservation/folding/chomping is part of the parent container, like comments).
RoundTrip preservation of flow style sequences ( ‘a: b, c, d’) (based on request and test by Anthony Sottile)
anchors names that are hand-crafted (not of the form``idNNN``) are preserved
merges in dictionaries are preserved
adding/replacing comments on block-style sequences and mappings with smart column positioning
collection objects (when read in via RoundTripParser) have an lc property that contains line and column info lc.line and lc.col. Individual positions for mappings and sequences can also be retrieved (lc.key('a'), lc.value('a') resp. lc.item(3))
preservation of whitelines after block scalars. Contributed by Sam Thursfield.
Round trip including comments
The major motivation for this fork is the round-trip capability for comments. The integration of the sources was just an initial step to make this easier.
adding/replacing comments
Starting with version 0.8, you can add/replace comments on block style collections (mappings/sequences resuting in Python dict/list). The basic for for this is:
from __future__ import print_function
import ruamel.yaml
inp = """\
abc:
- a # comment 1
xyz:
a: 1 # comment 2
b: 2
c: 3
d: 4
e: 5
f: 6 # comment 3
"""
data = ruamel.yaml.load(inp, ruamel.yaml.RoundTripLoader)
data['abc'].append('b')
data['abc'].yaml_add_eol_comment('comment 4', 1) # takes column of comment 1
data['xyz'].yaml_add_eol_comment('comment 5', 'c') # takes column of comment 2
data['xyz'].yaml_add_eol_comment('comment 6', 'e') # takes column of comment 3
data['xyz'].yaml_add_eol_comment('comment 7', 'd', column=20)
print(ruamel.yaml.dump(data, Dumper=ruamel.yaml.RoundTripDumper), end='')
Resulting in:
abc: - a # comment 1 - b # comment 4 xyz: a: 1 # comment 2 b: 2 c: 3 # comment 5 d: 4 # comment 7 e: 5 # comment 6 f: 6 # comment 3
If the comment doesn’t start with ‘#’, this will be added. The key is the element index for list, the actual key for dictionaries. As can be seen from the example, the column to choose for a comment is derived from the previous, next or preceding comment column (picking the first one found).
Config file formats
There are only a few configuration file formats that are easily readable and editable: JSON, INI/ConfigParser, YAML (XML is to cluttered to be called easily readable).
Unfortunately JSON doesn’t support comments, and although there are some solutions with pre-processed filtering of comments, there are no libraries that support round trip updating of such commented files.
INI files support comments, and the excellent ConfigObj library by Foord and Larosa even supports round trip editing with comment preservation, nesting of sections and limited lists (within a value). Retrieval of particular value format is explicit (and extensible).
YAML has basic mapping and sequence structures as well as support for ordered mappings and sets. It supports scalars various types including dates and datetimes (missing in JSON). YAML has comments, but these are normally thrown away.
Block structured YAML is a clean and very human readable format. By extending the Python YAML parser to support round trip preservation of comments, it makes YAML a very good choice for configuration files that are human readable and editable while at the same time interpretable and modifiable by a program.
Extending
There are normally six files involved when extending the roundtrip capabilities: the reader, parser, composer and constructor to go from YAML to Python and the resolver, representer, serializer and emitter to go the other way.
Extending involves keeping extra data around for the next process step, eventuallly resulting in a different Python object (subclass or alternative), that should behave like the original, but on the way from Python to YAML generates the original (or at least something much closer).
Smartening
When you use round-tripping, then the complex data you get are already subclasses of the built-in types. So you can patch in extra methods or override existing ones. Some methods are already included and you can do:
yaml_str = """\
a:
- b:
c: 42
- d:
f: 196
e:
g: 3.14
"""
data = yaml.load(yaml_str, Loader=yaml.RoundTripLoader)
assert data.mlget(['a', 1, 'd', 'f'], list_ok=True) == 196
Examples
Basic round trip of parsing YAML to Python objects, modifying and generating YAML:
from __future__ import print_function import ruamel.yaml inp = """\ # example name: # details family: Smith # very common given: Alice # one of the siblings """ code = ruamel.yaml.load(inp, ruamel.yaml.RoundTripLoader) code['name']['given'] = 'Bob' print(ruamel.yaml.dump(code, Dumper=ruamel.yaml.RoundTripDumper), end='')
Resulting in
# example name: # details family: Smith # very common given: Bob # one of the siblings
YAML handcrafted anchors and references as well as key merging is preserved. The merged keys can transparently be accessed using [] and .get():
import ruamel.yaml
inp = """\
- &CENTER {x: 1, y: 2}
- &LEFT {x: 0, y: 2}
- &BIG {r: 10}
- &SMALL {r: 1}
# All the following maps are equal:
# Explicit keys
- x: 1
y: 2
r: 10
label: center/big
# Merge one map
- <<: *CENTER
r: 10
label: center/big
# Merge multiple maps
- <<: [*CENTER, *BIG]
label: center/big
# Override
- <<: [*BIG, *LEFT, *SMALL]
x: 1
label: center/big
"""
data = ruamel.yaml.load(inp, ruamel.yaml.RoundTripLoader)
assert data[7]['y'] == 2
Optional requirements
If you have the C yaml library and headers installed, as well as the header files for your Python executables then you can use the non-roundtrip but faster C loader and emitter.
On Debian systems you should use:
sudo apt-get install libyaml-dev python-dev python3-dev
you can leave out python3-dev if you don’t use python3
For CentOS (7) based systems you should do:
sudo yum install libyaml-devel python-devel
Testing
Testing is done using tox, which uses virtualenv and pytest.
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