ruckig 0.5.0

Instantaneous Motion Generation for Robots and Machines.

Ruckig

Instantaneous Motion Generation for Robots and Machines.

Ruckig generates trajectories on-the-fly, allowing robots and machines to react instantaneously to sensor input. Ruckig calculates a trajectory to a target waypoint (with position, velocity, and acceleration) starting from any initial state limited by velocity, acceleration, and jerk constraints. Besides the target state, Ruckig allows to define intermediate positions for waypoint following. For state-to-state motions, Ruckig guarantees a time-optimal solution. With intermediate waypoints, Ruckig calculates the path and its time parametrization jointly, resulting in significantly faster trajectories compared to traditional methods.

More information can be found at ruckig.com and in the corresponding paper Jerk-limited Real-time Trajectory Generation with Arbitrary Target States, accepted for the Robotics: Science and Systems (RSS), 2021 conference.

Installation

Ruckig has no dependencies (except for testing). To build Ruckig using CMake, just run

mkdir -p build
cd build
cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release ..
make

To install Ruckig in a system-wide directory, use (sudo) make install. An example of using Ruckig in your CMake project is given by examples/CMakeLists.txt. However, you can also include Ruckig as a directory within your project and call add_subdirectory(ruckig) in your parent CMakeLists.txt.

Ruckig is also available as a Python module, in particular for development or debugging purposes. The Ruckig Community Version can be installed from PyPI via

pip install ruckig

When using CMake, the Python module can be built using the BUILD_PYTHON_MODULE flag. If you're only interested in the Python module (and not in the C++ library), you can build and install Ruckig via pip install ..

Tutorial

Furthermore, we will explain the basics to get started with online generated trajectories within your application. There is also a collection of examples that guide you through the most important features of Ruckig. A time-optimal trajectory for a single degree of freedom is shown in the figure below. We also added plots for the resulting trajectories of all examples. Let's get started!

Waypoint-based Trajectory Generation

Ruckig provides three main interface classes: the Ruckig, the InputParameter, and the OutputParameter class.

First, you'll need to create a Ruckig instance with the number of DoFs as a template parameter, and the control cycle (e.g. in seconds) in the constructor.

Ruckig<6> ruckig {0.001}; // Number DoFs; control cycle in [s]

The input type has 3 blocks of data: the current state, the target state and the corresponding kinematic limits.

InputParameter<6> input; // Number DoFs
input.current_position = {0.2, ...};
input.current_velocity = {0.1, ...};
input.current_acceleration = {0.1, ...};
input.target_position = {0.5, ...};
input.target_velocity = {-0.1, ...};
input.target_acceleration = {0.2, ...};
input.max_velocity = {0.4, ...};
input.max_acceleration = {1.0, ...};
input.max_jerk = {4.0, ...};

OutputParameter<6> output; // Number DoFs

Given all input and output resources, we can iterate over the trajectory at each discrete time step. For most applications, this loop must run within a real-time thread and controls the actual hardware.

while (ruckig.update(input, output) == Result::Working) {
  // Make use of the new state here!
  // e.g. robot->setJointPositions(output.new_position);

  output.pass_to_input(input); // Don't forget this!
}

Within the control loop, you need to update the current state of the input parameter according to the calculated trajectory. Therefore, the pass_to_input method copies the new kinematic state of the output to the current kinematic state of the input parameter. If (in the next step) the current state is not the expected, pre-calculated trajectory, Ruckig will calculate a new trajectory based on the novel input. When the trajectory has reached the target state, the update function will return Result::Finished.

Input Parameter

To go into more detail, the InputParameter type has following members:

using Vector = std::array<double, DOFs>; // By default

Vector current_position;
Vector current_velocity; // Initialized to zero
Vector current_acceleration; // Initialized to zero

std::vector<Vector> intermediate_positions; // (only in Pro Version)

Vector target_position;
Vector target_velocity; // Initialized to zero
Vector target_acceleration; // Initialized to zero

Vector max_velocity;
Vector max_acceleration;
Vector max_jerk;

std::optional<Vector> min_velocity; // If not given, the negative maximum velocity will be used.
std::optional<Vector> min_acceleration; // If not given, the negative maximum acceleration will be used.

std::optional<Vector> min_position; // (only in Pro Version)
std::optional<Vector> max_position; // (only in Pro Version)

std::array<bool, DOFs> enabled; // Initialized to true
std::optional<double> minimum_duration;
std::optional<double> interrupt_calculation_duration; // [µs], (only in Pro Version)

ControlInterface control_interface; // The default position interface controls the full kinematic state.
Synchronization synchronization; // Synchronization behavior of multiple DoFs
DurationDiscretization duration_discretization; // Whether the duration should be a discrete multiple of the control cycle (off by default)

std::optional<Vector<ControlInterface>> per_dof_control_interface; // Sets the control interface for each DoF individually, overwrites global control_interface
std::optional<Vector<Synchronization>> per_dof_synchronization; // Sets the synchronization for each DoF individually, overwrites global synchronization

On top of the current state, target state, and constraints, Ruckig allows for a few more advanced settings:

• A minimum velocity and acceleration can be specified - these should be a negative number. If they are not given, the negative maximum velocity or acceleration will be used (similar to the jerk limit). For example, this might be useful in human robot collaboration settings with a different velocity limit towards a human. Or, when switching between different moving coordinate frames like picking from a conveyer belt.
• If a DoF is not enabled, it will be ignored in the calculation. Ruckig will output a trajectory with constant acceleration for those DoFs.
• A minimum duration can be optionally given. Note that Ruckig can not guarantee an exact, but only a minimum duration of the trajectory.
• The control interface (position or velocity control) can be switched easily. For example, a stop trajectory or visual servoing can be easily implemented with the velocity interface.
• Different synchronization behaviors (i.a. phase, time, or no synchonization) are implemented. Phase synchronization results in straight-line motions.
• The trajectory duration might be constrained to a multiple of the control cycle. This way, the exact state can be reached at a control loop execution.

We refer to the API documentation of the enumerations within the ruckig namespace for all available options.

Input Validation

Note that there are range constraints of the input due to numerical reasons, see below for more details. To check the input before a calculation step,

ruckig.validate_input(input); // returns boolean

returns false if an input is not valid. Of course, the target state needs to be within the given kinematic limits. Additionally, the target acceleration needs to fulfil

Abs(target_acceleration) <= Sqrt(2 * max_jerk * (max_velocity - Abs(target_velocity)))

Result Type

The update function of the Ruckig class returns a Result type that indicates the current state of the algorithm. This can either be working, finished if the trajectory has finished, or an error type if something went wrong during calculation. The result type can be compared as a standard integer.

State	Error Code
Working	0
Finished	1
Error	-1
ErrorInvalidInput	-100
ErrorTrajectoryDuration	-101
ErrorPositionalLimits	-102
ErrorExecutionTimeCalculation	-110
ErrorSynchronizationCalculation	-111

Output Parameter

The output class includes the new kinematic state and the overall trajectory.

Vector new_position;
Vector new_velocity;
Vector new_acceleration;

Trajectory trajectory; // The current trajectory
double time; // The current, auto-incremented time. Reset to 0 at a new calculation.

size_t new_section; // Index of the section between two intermediate positions (only in Pro Version)
bool did_section_change; // Was an intermediate position reached in the last cycle? (only in Pro Version)

bool new_calculation; // Whether a new calculation was performed in the last cycle
bool was_calculation_interrupted; // Was the trajectory calculation interrupted? (only in Pro Version)
double calculation_duration; // Duration of the calculation in the last cycle [µs]

Moreover, the trajectory class has a range of useful parameters and methods.

double duration; // Duration of the trajectory
std::array<double, DOFs> independent_min_durations; // Time-optimal profile for each independent DoF

<...> at_time(double time); // Get the kinematic state of the trajectory at a given time
<...> get_position_extrema(); // Returns information about the position extrema and their times

Again, we refer to the API documentation for the exact signatures.

Intermediate Waypoints

To allocate the necessary memory for a variable number of waypoints beforehand, we need to pass the maximum number of waypoints to Ruckig via

Ruckig<6> otg {0.001, 8};
InputParameter<6> input {8};
OutputParameter<6> output {8};

The InputParameter class takes the number of waypoints as an optional input, however usually you will fill in the values (and therefore reserve its memory) yourself. You can overwrite the global kinematic limits to specify limits for each section between two waypoints separately by using e.g. input.per_section_max_velocity.

When using intermediate positions, both the underlying motion planning problem as well as its calculation changes significantly. Please find more information about generating trajectories with intermediate waypoints here. Setting interrupt_calculation_duration makes sure to be real-time capable by refining the solution in the next control invocation. Note that this is a soft interruption of the calculation. Currently, no minimum or discrete durations are supported when using intermediate positions.

We are working on introducing a parameter for limiting the maximum distance between the calculated trajectory and a linear interpolation of the waypoints. This way, collision avoidance and safety guarantees become trivial to integrate!

Dynamic Number of Degrees of Freedom

So far, we have told Ruckig the number of DoFs as a template parameter. If you don't know the number of DoFs at compile-time, you can set the template parameter to DynamicDOFs and pass the DoFs to the constructor:

Ruckig<DynamicDOFs> otg {6, 0.001};
InputParameter<DynamicDOFs> input {6};
OutputParameter<DynamicDOFs> output {6};

However, we recommend to keep the template parameter when possible: First, it has a performance benefit of a few percent. Second, it is convenient for real-time programming due to its easier handling of memory allocations. When using dynamic degrees of freedom, make sure to allocate the memory of all vectors beforehand.

Offline Calculation

Ruckig also supports an offline approach for calculating a trajectory:

result = ruckig.calculate(input, trajectory);

When only using this method, the Ruckig constructor does not need a control cycle as an argument.

Tests and Numerical Stability

The current test suite validates over 5.000.000.000 random trajectories. The numerical exactness is tested for the final position and final velocity to be within 1e-8, for the final acceleration to be within 1e-10, and for the velocity, acceleration and jerk limit to be within of a numerical error of 1e-12. These are absolute values - we suggest to scale your input so that these correspond to your required precision of the system. For example, for most real-world systems we suggest to use input values in [m] (instead of e.g. [mm]), as 1e-8m is sufficient precise for practical trajectory generation. Furthermore, all kinematic limits should be below 1e12. The maximal supported trajectory duration is 7e3, which again should suffice for most applications seeking for time-optimality. Note that Ruckig will also output values outside of this range, there is however no guarantee for correctness.

Benchmark

We find that Ruckig is more than twice as fast as Reflexxes Type IV for state-to-state motions and well-suited for control cycles as low as 250 microseconds. The Ruckig Community Version is in general a more powerful and open-source alternative to the Reflexxes Type IV library. In fact, Ruckig is the first Type V trajectory generator for arbitrary target states and even supports directional velocity and acceleration limits, while also being faster on top.

For trajectories with intermediate waypoints, we compare Ruckig to Toppra, a state-of-the-art library for robotic motion planning. Ruckig is able to improve the trajectory duration on average by around 10%, as the path planning and time parametrization are calculated jointly. Moreover, Ruckig is real-time capable and supports jerk-constraints.

Development

Ruckig is written in C++17. It is continuously tested on ubuntu-latest, macos-latest, and windows-latest against following versions

• Doctest v2.4 (only for testing)
• Pybind11 v2.6 (only for python wrapper)

If you still need to use C++11, you can patch the Ruckig Community Version by calling sh scripts/patch-c++11.sh. Note that this will result in a performance drop of a few percent. Moreover, the Python module is not supported.

Used By

• CoppeliaSim in their upcoming release.
• MoveIt 2 for trajectory smoothing.
• Struckig, a port of Ruckig to Restructered Text for usage on PLCs.
• Frankx for controlling the Franka Emika robot arm.
• and others!

Citation

@article{berscheid2021jerk,
  title={Jerk-limited Real-time Trajectory Generation with Arbitrary Target States},
  author={Berscheid, Lars and Kr{\"o}ger, Torsten},
  journal={Robotics: Science and Systems XVII},
  year={2021}
}