rusket 0.1.95

Ultra-fast Recommender Engines & Market Basket Analysis for Python, written in Rust.
Made with ❤️ by the Data & AI Team.

🎯 Goals

⚠️ Note: rusket is currently under heavy construction. The API will probably change in upcoming versions.

rusket is a modern, Rust-powered library for Market Basket Analysis and Recommender Engines. It delivers significant speed-ups and lower memory usage compared to traditional Python implementations, while natively supporting Pandas, Polars, and Spark out of the box.

Zero runtime dependencies. No TensorFlow, no PyTorch, no JVM — just pip install rusket and go. The entire engine is compiled Rust, distributed as a single ~3 MB wheel.

It features Collaborative Filtering (ALS, BPR, SVD, LightGCN, ItemKNN, UserKNN, EASE), Sequential Recommendation (FPMC, SASRec), Context-aware Prediction (FM), Pattern Mining (FP-Growth, Eclat, FIN, LCM, HUPM, PrefixSpan), and built-in Hyperparameter Tuning (Optuna + MLflow tracking) with high performance and low memory footprints. Both functional and OOP APIs are available for seamless integration.

✨ Highlights

📦 Installation

pip install rusket
# or with uv:
uv add rusket

Optional extras:

# Polars support
pip install "rusket[polars]"

# Pandas/NumPy support (usually already installed)
pip install "rusket[pandas]"

🚀 Quick Start

"Frequently Bought Together" — Grocery Checkout Data

Identify which products co-occur most in customer baskets — the foundation of cross-sell widgets, promotional bundles, and shelf placement decisions.

import pandas as pd
from rusket import FPGrowth

# One week of supermarket checkout data (1 row = 1 receipt, 1 col = 1 SKU)
receipts = pd.DataFrame({
    "milk":         [1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1],
    "bread":        [1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1],
    "butter":       [1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0],
    "eggs":         [0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1],
    "coffee":       [0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0],
    "orange_juice": [1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1],
}, dtype=bool)

# Step 1 — which SKU combinations appear in ≥40% of receipts?

model = FPGrowth(receipts, min_support=0.4)
freq = model.mine(use_colnames=True)

# Step 2 — keep rules with ≥60% confidence
rules = model.association_rules(metric="confidence", min_threshold=0.6)

# Lift > 1 means customers buy these together more than chance alone
print(rules[["antecedents", "consequents", "support", "confidence", "lift"]]
      .sort_values("lift", ascending=False))

🛒 E-Commerce Order Lines (Long Format)

Real-world data arrives as (order_id, sku) rows from a database — not one-hot matrices.

All mining algorithms expose a class-based API that goes straight from order lines to recommendations:

import pandas as pd
from rusket import FPGrowth

# Order line export from your e-commerce backend
orders = pd.DataFrame({
    "order_id": [1001, 1001, 1001, 1002, 1002, 1003, 1003],
    "sku":      ["HDPHONES", "USB_DAC", "AUX_CABLE",
                 "HDPHONES", "CARRY_CASE",
                 "USB_DAC",  "AUX_CABLE"],
})

model = FPGrowth.from_transactions(
    orders,
    transaction_col="order_id",
    item_col="sku",
    min_support=0.3,
)

freq  = model.mine(use_colnames=True)              # Miner classes: mine() never auto-fits
rules = model.association_rules(metric="confidence", min_threshold=0.6)

# Which accessories should be suggested when headphones are in the cart?
suggestions = model.recommend_items(["HDPHONES"], n=3)
# → e.g. ["USB_DAC", "AUX_CABLE", "CARRY_CASE"]

Or use the explicit type variants:

from rusket import FPGrowth

ohe = FPGrowth.from_pandas(orders, transaction_col="order_id", item_col="sku")
ohe = FPGrowth.from_polars(pl_orders, transaction_col="order_id", item_col="sku")
ohe = FPGrowth.from_transactions([["HDPHONES", "USB_DAC"], ["HDPHONES", "CARRY_CASE"]])  # list of lists

Spark is also supported: FPGrowth.from_spark(spark_df) calls .toPandas() internally.

🐻‍❄️ Polars Input — Reading from Data Lake Parquet

For teams running a modern data stack with Parquet files on S3/GCS/Azure Blob, rusket natively accepts Polars DataFrames. Data is transferred via Arrow zero-copy buffers — no conversion overhead.

The fastest path from a data lake to "Frequently Bought Together" rules:

import polars as pl
from rusket import FPGrowth

# ── 1. Read a one-hot basket matrix directly from S3/GCS/local Parquet ──
# Columns = SKUs (bool), rows = receipts — produced by your dbt or Spark pipeline
baskets = pl.read_parquet("s3://data-lake/gold/basket_ohe.parquet")
print(f"Loaded {baskets.shape[0]:,} receipts × {baskets.shape[1]} SKUs")

# ── 2. Instantiate FPGrowth (zero-copy from Polars) ─────────────────
model = FPGrowth(baskets, min_support=0.02, max_len=3)

# ── 3. Mine frequent combinations ────────────────────────────────────
freq = model.mine(use_colnames=True)
print(f"Found {len(freq):,} frequent itemsets")
print(freq.sort_values("support", ascending=False).head(10))

# ── 4. Generate cross-sell rules ────────────────────────────────────
rules = model.association_rules(metric="lift", min_threshold=1.2)
print(f"Rules with lift > 1.2: {len(rules):,}")
print(
    rules[["antecedents", "consequents", "confidence", "lift"]]
    .sort_values("lift", ascending=False)
    .head(8)
)

How it works under the hood:
Polars → Arrow buffer → np.uint8 (zero-copy) → Rust fpgrowth_from_dense

💎 High-Utility Pattern Mining (HUPM) — Profit-Driven Bundle Discovery

Frequent items aren't always the most profitable. HUPM finds product combinations that generate the highest total gross margin — even if they appear rarely. rusket implements the state-of-the-art EFIM algorithm in Rust.

import pandas as pd
from rusket import HUPM

# Specialty foods retailer: receipt line items with gross margin per unit sold
orders = pd.DataFrame({
    "receipt_id": [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3],
    "product": ["aged_cheese", "wine_flight", "charcuterie",
                "aged_cheese", "charcuterie",
                "wine_flight", "charcuterie"],
    "margin": [8.50, 12.00, 6.50,   # receipt 1 — margin per item
               8.50, 6.50,           # receipt 2
               12.00, 6.50],         # receipt 3
})

# Find all product bundles generating ≥ €20 total margin across all receipts
high_margin = HUPM.from_transactions(
    orders,
    transaction_col="receipt_id",
    item_col="product",
    utility_col="margin",
    min_utility=20.0,
).mine()
print(high_margin.head())
# e.g. aged_cheese + wine_flight + charcuterie → total margin 81.0

📊 Sparse Pandas Input

For very sparse datasets (e.g. e-commerce with thousands of SKUs), use Pandas SparseDtype to minimize memory. rusket passes the raw CSR arrays straight to Rust — no densification ever happens.

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
from rusket import FPGrowth

rng = np.random.default_rng(7)
n_rows, n_cols = 30_000, 500

# Very sparse: average basket size ≈ 3 items out of 500
p_buy = 3 / n_cols
matrix = rng.random((n_rows, n_cols)) < p_buy
products = [f"sku_{i:04d}" for i in range(n_cols)]

df_dense = pd.DataFrame(matrix.astype(bool), columns=products)
df_sparse = df_dense.astype(pd.SparseDtype("bool", fill_value=False))

dense_mb = df_dense.memory_usage(deep=True).sum() / 1e6
sparse_mb = df_sparse.memory_usage(deep=True).sum() / 1e6
print(f"Dense  memory: {dense_mb:.1f} MB")
print(f"Sparse memory: {sparse_mb:.1f} MB  ({dense_mb / sparse_mb:.1f}× smaller)")

# Same API, same results — just faster and lighter
freq = FPGrowth(df_sparse, min_support=0.01).mine(use_colnames=True)
print(f"Frequent itemsets: {len(freq):,}")

How it works under the hood:
Sparse DataFrame → COO → CSR → (indptr, indices) → Rust fpgrowth_from_csr

🌊 Out-of-Core Processing (FPMiner Streaming)

For datasets scaling to Billion-row sizes that don't fit in memory, use the FPMiner accumulator. It accepts chunks of (txn_id, item_id) pairs, sorting them in-place immediately, and uses a memory-safe k-way merge across all chunks to build the CSR matrix on the fly avoiding massive memory spikes.

import numpy as np
from rusket import FPMiner

n_items = 5_000
miner = FPMiner(n_items=n_items)

# Feed chunks incrementally (e.g. from Parquet/CSV/SQL)
for chunk in dataset:
    txn_ids = chunk["txn_id"].to_numpy(dtype=np.int64)
    item_ids = chunk["item_id"].to_numpy(dtype=np.int32)
    
    # Fast O(k log k) per-chunk sort
    miner.add_chunk(txn_ids, item_ids)

# Stream k-way merge and mine in one pass!
# Returns a DataFrame with 'support' and 'itemsets' just like fpgrowth()
freq = miner.mine(min_support=0.001, max_len=3)

Memory efficiency: The peak memory overhead at mine() time is just $O(k)$ for the cursors (where $k$ is the number of chunks), plus the final compressed CSR allocation.

🌩️ Distributed Computing with Apache Spark

rusket ships a full Spark integration layer in rusket.spark. All algorithms run as Native Arrow UDFs via applyInArrow — Rust is called directly on each executor, with zero Python overhead per row.

How it works

PySpark DataFrame
  └─► groupby(group_col).applyInArrow(...)
        └─► Arrow Table (per partition / per group)
              └─► Polars zero-copy conversion
                    └─► rusket Rust extension (on the executor)
                          └─► results → PyArrow → PySpark DataFrame

Full Example — Retail Basket Analysis per Store

from pyspark.sql import SparkSession
from rusket.spark import mine_grouped, rules_grouped

spark = SparkSession.builder.appName("rusket-demo").getOrCreate()

# ── 1. Load your OHE transaction table (one row = one basket) ──────────────
#    Schema: store_id (string), bread (bool), butter (bool), milk (bool), ...
spark_df = spark.read.parquet("s3://data/baskets/")

# ── 2. Mine frequent itemsets per store in parallel ──────────────────────────
#    Each Spark task calls the Rust FP-Growth/Eclat engine on its Arrow batch.
freq_df = mine_grouped(
    spark_df,
    group_col="store_id",
    min_support=0.05,    # 5% support per store

)
# freq_df schema: store_id | support (double) | itemsets (array<string>)

# ── 3. Count transactions per store (needed for rule support) ────────────────
from pyspark.sql import functions as F
counts = (
    spark_df.groupby("store_id")
    .agg(F.count("*").alias("n"))
    .rdd.collectAsMap()          # {"store_1": 12000, "store_2": 8500, ...}
)

# ── 4. Generate association rules per store ──────────────────────────────────
rules_df = rules_grouped(
    freq_df,
    group_col="store_id",
    num_itemsets=counts,         # pass per-group counts as a dict
    metric="confidence",
    min_threshold=0.6,
)
# rules_df schema: store_id | antecedents | consequents | confidence | lift | ...

rules_df.orderBy("lift", ascending=False).show(10, truncate=False)

Sequential Patterns per Category

from rusket.spark import prefixspan_grouped

# event_log schema: category_id, user_id, item_id, event_ts
event_log = spark.read.parquet("s3://data/events/")

seq_df = prefixspan_grouped(
    event_log,
    group_col="category_id",   # mine independently per product category
    user_col="user_id",        # sequence identifier within the group
    time_col="event_ts",       # ordering column
    item_col="item_id",
    min_support=50,            # absolute count: pattern must appear in ≥50 sessions
    max_len=4,
)
# seq_df schema: category_id | support (long) | sequence (array<string>)
seq_df.show(5, truncate=False)

High-Utility Patterns per Region

from rusket.spark import hupm_grouped

# profit_log schema: region_id, txn_id, item_id, profit
profit_log = spark.read.parquet("s3://data/profit/")

utility_df = hupm_grouped(
    profit_log,
    group_col="region_id",
    transaction_col="txn_id",
    item_col="item_id",
    utility_col="profit",
    min_utility=500.0,         # only itemsets with combined profit ≥ €500
)
# utility_df schema: region_id | utility (double) | itemset (array<long>)
utility_df.show(5, truncate=False)

Batch Recommendations across the Cluster

from rusket.spark import recommend_batches
from rusket import ALS

# 1. Train an ALS model locally (or load a pre-trained one)
als = ALS.from_transactions(
    events_pd,
    user_col="user_id",
    item_col="item_id",
).fit()  # ← always call .fit() after from_transactions()

# 2. Scale-out scoring: one recommendation row per user
user_df = spark.read.parquet("s3://data/users/").select("user_id")

recs_df = recommend_batches(user_df, model=als, user_col="user_id", k=10)
# recs_df schema: user_id (string) | recommended_items (array<int>)
recs_df.show(5, truncate=False)

Tip — Databricks / Delta Lake: All functions return a standard PySpark DataFrame, so you can write results back with .write.format("delta").save(...) or .saveAsTable(...) directly.

📖 API Reference

OOP Class API

Every algorithm in rusket exposes a class-based API in addition to the functional helpers. All classes share a unified interface inherited from BaseModel:

All classes share the following data-ingestion class methods inherited from BaseModel:

# Load from long-format (transaction_id, item_id) DataFrame or list of lists
model = FPGrowth.from_transactions(df, transaction_col="order_id", item_col="item", min_support=0.3)

# Typed convenience aliases — same result
model = FPGrowth.from_pandas(df,  ...)
model = FPGrowth.from_polars(pl_df, ...)
model = FPGrowth.from_spark(spark_df, ...)

Miner subclasses (FPGrowth, Eclat) additionally expose RuleMinerMixin, giving a fluent pipeline:

model  = FPGrowth.from_transactions(df, min_support=0.3)
freq   = model.mine(use_colnames=True)             # pd.DataFrame [support, itemsets]
rules  = model.association_rules(metric="lift")    # pd.DataFrame [antecedents, consequents, ...]
recs   = model.recommend_items(["bread", "milk"])  # list of suggested items

ImplicitRecommender subclasses (ALS, BPR, SVD, LightGCN, ItemKNN, UserKNN, EASE) follow the scikit-learn fit()/predict() pattern. SequentialRecommender subclasses (FPMC, SASRec) use from_transactions(..., time_col=...).fit() for sequential next-item prediction:

# Option A — construct then fit with a sparse matrix
model = ALS(factors=64, iterations=15)
model.fit(user_item_csr)

# Option B — from event log, then explicit .fit()
model = ALS(factors=64).from_transactions(
    df, user_col="user_id", item_col="item_id"
).fit()  # ← .fit() is always required

# Predict / recommend
items, scores = model.recommend_items(user_id=42, n=10, exclude_seen=True)
users, scores = model.recommend_users(item_id=99, n=5)

Breaking change vs older versions: from_transactions() no longer auto-fits. Always chain .fit() after it.

🧠 Advanced Pattern & Recommendation Algorithms

rusket provides more than just basic market basket analysis. It includes an entire suite of modern algorithms and a high-level Business Recommender API.

🎯 ItemKNN & UserKNN — Nearest-Neighbor Collaborative Filtering

Two complementary memory-based methods that consistently rank among the top performers in academic benchmarks (see Anelli et al. 2022).

• ItemKNN — Finds items similar to what the user already liked. Fast, stable, and scales well with pre-computed item-item similarity.
• UserKNN — Finds users similar to the target user and recommends what they liked. Often more serendipitous and performs particularly well on dense datasets.

Both support BM25, TF-IDF, Cosine, and raw Count weighting, with the top-K neighbor pruning running in parallel Rust.

from rusket import ItemKNN, UserKNN

# ── Item-based: "Customers who bought X also bought Y" ────────────
item_knn = ItemKNN.from_transactions(
    purchases, user_col="user_id", item_col="item_id",
    method="bm25", k=100,
).fit()
items, scores = item_knn.recommend_items(user_id=42, n=10)

# ── User-based: "Users similar to you enjoyed these items" ────────
user_knn = UserKNN.from_transactions(
    purchases, user_col="user_id", item_col="item_id",
    method="cosine", k=50,
).fit()
items, scores = user_knn.recommend_items(user_id=42, n=10)

Which one to choose? Start with ItemKNN(method="bm25") — it's the fastest and most stable. Switch to UserKNN if you have a dense dataset or want more diverse recommendations. In production, try both and evaluate with rusket.evaluate().

🎯 ALS & BPR Collaborative Filtering

Both models learn user and item embeddings from implicit feedback (purchases, clicks, plays) and power personalised recommendations at scale. Use ALS for broad serendipitous discovery; use BPR when you care only about top-N ranking.

from rusket import ALS, BPR

# ── "For You" homepage — music streaming platform ────────────────────
# event log: user_id | track_id | plays (optional weight)
plays = pd.DataFrame({
    "user_id":  [101, 101, 102, 102, 103, 103, 103],
    "track_id": ["T01", "T03", "T01", "T05", "T02", "T03", "T05"],
    "plays":    [12, 5, 8, 3, 20, 1, 7],  # play count as confidence weight
})

als = ALS(factors=64, iterations=15, alpha=40.0).from_transactions(
    plays, user_col="user_id", item_col="track_id", rating_col="plays"
).fit()  # ← always call .fit() after from_transactions()

# Top-10 tracks for user 101, excluding already-played tracks
tracks, scores = als.recommend_items(user_id=101, n=10, exclude_seen=True)

# Which users are most likely to enjoy track T05? — useful for email campaigns
users, scores = als.recommend_users(item_id="T05", n=50)

# BPR — optimise ranking directly rather than reconstruction
bpr = BPR(factors=64, learning_rate=0.05, iterations=150).fit(user_item_csr)

🎯 Hybrid Recommender API

Combine Collaborative Filtering (ALS/BPR) with Frequent Pattern Mining to cover every placement surface — personalised homepage ("For You") and active cart ("Frequently Bought Together") — in a single engine.

from rusket import ALS, Recommender, FPGrowth

# 1. Train on purchase history (implicit feedback)
als = ALS(factors=64, iterations=15).fit(user_item_csr)

# 2. Mine co-purchase rules from basket data
miner = FPGrowth(basket_ohe, min_support=0.01)
freq  = miner.mine()
rules = miner.association_rules()

# 3. Create the Hybrid Engine
rec = Recommender(model=als, rules_df=rules)

# "For You" homepage — personalised for customer 1001
items, scores = rec.recommend_for_user(user_id=1001, n=5)

# Blend CF + product embeddings (e.g. from a PIM or sentence-transformer)
items, scores = rec.recommend_for_user(user_id=1001, n=5, alpha=0.7,
                                       target_item_for_semantic="HDPHONES")

# Active cart cross-sell — "Frequently Bought Together"
add_ons = rec.recommend_for_cart(["USB_DAC", "AUX_CABLE"], n=3)

# Overnight batch — score all customers, write to CRM
batch_df = rec.predict_next_chunk(user_history_df, user_col="customer_id", k=5)

🧬 Hybrid Embedding Fusion — CF + Semantic in One Vector Space

Collaborative filtering embeddings capture behavioral signals (who bought what); semantic text embeddings capture content meaning (product descriptions). Fusing them into a single vector space lets you do ANN retrieval, vector DB export, and clustering in one shot.

import rusket

# 1. Train ALS on implicit feedback
als = rusket.ALS(factors=64, iterations=15).fit(interactions)

# 2. Get semantic embeddings (e.g. from sentence-transformers)
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
encoder = SentenceTransformer("all-MiniLM-L6-v2")
text_vectors = encoder.encode(product_descriptions)  # (n_items, 384)

# 3. Fuse into a single hybrid vector space
hybrid = rusket.HybridEmbeddingIndex(
    cf_embeddings=als.item_factors,       # (n_items, 64)
    semantic_embeddings=text_vectors,      # (n_items, 384)
    strategy="weighted_concat",            # "concat" | "weighted_concat" | "projection"
    alpha=0.6,                             # 60% CF, 40% semantic
)

# 4. Similar items via cosine on the fused space
ids, scores = hybrid.query(item_id=42, n=10)

# 5. Build an ANN index for sub-millisecond retrieval
ann = hybrid.build_ann_index(backend="native")  # or "faiss"

# 6. Export to a vector DB for production serving
hybrid.export_vectors(qdrant_client, collection_name="hybrid_items")

# 7. Or export as separate named vectors for DB-side fusion
hybrid.export_vectors(qdrant_client, mode="multi", collection_name="hybrid_items")
# → Qdrant/Meilisearch/Weaviate store "cf" and "semantic" as separate named vectors

Three fusion strategies:

Standalone function: If you just need the fused matrix without an index, use rusket.fuse_embeddings(cf, sem, strategy="weighted_concat", alpha=0.6).

🎯 Multi-Stage Recommendation Pipeline

For production systems requiring advanced retrieval and ranking, use the Pipeline class. This mirrors the "retrieve → rerank → filter" paradigm used by Twitter/X and modern ML stacks.

It chains multiple models together:

1. Retrieve: Candidate generation
2. Rerank: Re-score candidates using a heavier scoring function
3. Filter: Apply business rules (e.g. exclude out-of-stock items, diversify)

from rusket import ALS, BPR, Pipeline, RuleBasedRecommender
import pandas as pd

# 1. Train multiple base models
als = ALS(factors=64).fit(interactions)
bpr = BPR(factors=128).fit(interactions)

# 2. Define explicit business rules (e.g. promoting warranties with laptops)
rules_df = pd.DataFrame({
    "antecedent": ["102"],   # Laptop SKU
    "consequent": ["999"],   # Warranty SKU
    "score": [2.0]
})
rules = RuleBasedRecommender.from_transactions(
    interactions, rules=rules_df, user_col="user", item_col="item"
).fit()

# 3. Compose the Pipeline (Retrieve from ALS, rerank with deeper BPR vectors)
# Items from the `rules` model receive an artificial +1,000,000 score 
# ensuring they rank at the top *after* the algorithmic reranking.
pipeline = Pipeline(
    retrieve=[als, bpr],
    merge_strategy="max",  # how to combine candidate scores
    rerank=bpr,
    rules=rules, 
)

# Recommend for a user
items, scores = pipeline.recommend(user_id=42, n=10, exclude_seen=True)

# Blazing-fast Batch Scoring utilizing Rust inner loops
batch_recs = pipeline.recommend_batch(
    user_ids=[1, 2, 3],
    n=10,
    format="polars"  # Returns a native Polars DataFrame instantly
)

💾 Saving, Loading and Serving (LanceDB / Vector DBs)

rusket models use a unified BaseModel that provides .save() and .load() functionality. You can also export trained models to a Vector Database for fast, real-time serving in production. We even provide load_model which automatically infers the model architecture from the pickle file.

import rusket

# 1. Train the model
model = rusket.ALS(factors=32).fit(interactions)

# 2. Save your trained model to disk
model.save("my_als_model.pkl")

# 3. Load it back using the generic loader
loaded_model = rusket.load_model("my_als_model.pkl")

# 4. Export the embeddings for a Vector Database
items_df = rusket.export_item_factors(
    loaded_model, 
    normalize=True,     # Best for Cosine Similarity search
    format="pandas"
)

# 5. Serve it in real-time (Example using LanceDB)
import lancedb

# Create a local vector database
db = lancedb.connect("./lancedb_store")
table = db.create_table("items", data=items_df)

# Query the table with a specific user's latent factors
user_emb = loaded_model.user_factors[0]

# Retrieve top 5 item recommendations for this user using L2-normalized vector search!
results = table.search(user_emb).limit(5).to_pandas()

🔍 Analytics Helpers

from rusket import find_substitutes, customer_saturation

# Identify cannibalizing SKUs (lift < 1.0) for assortment rationalisation
subs = find_substitutes(rules_df, max_lift=0.8)
#  antecedents  consequents  lift
#  (Cola A,)    (Cola B,)    0.61   ← these products hurt each other's sales

# Segment customers by category penetration (decile 10 = buy everything; 1 = barely engaged)
saturation = customer_saturation(
    purchases_df, user_col="customer_id", category_col="category_id"
)

📈 BPR & Sequential Patterns

• BPR (Bayesian Personalized Ranking): Directly optimises ranking of positive interactions over negative ones — ideal for newsfeeds, playlists, and app recommendation surfaces that prioritise top-N precision.
• Sequential Pattern Mining (PrefixSpan): Discovers ordered patterns across time (e.g., "Subscriber signed up for broadband → mobile plan → premium bundle" or "Customer viewed Camera → 2 weeks later bought Lens").

rusket natively extracts PrefixSpan sequences from Pandas, Polars, and PySpark event logs with zero-copy Arrow mapping:

from rusket import PrefixSpan

# Telco product adoption journeys — what sequence of subscriptions do customers follow?
# df: customer_id | subscription_date | product_id
model = PrefixSpan.from_transactions(
    subscription_events,
    transaction_col="customer_id",
    item_col="product_id",
    time_col="subscription_date",
    min_support=50,    # at least 50 customers follow this path
    max_len=4,
)
freq_seqs = model.mine()
# e.g. [broadband] → [mobile] → [tv_bundle] appears in 312 journeys

🕸️ Graph Analytics & Embeddings

Integrate natively with the modern GenAI/LLM stack:

• Vector Export: Export user/item factors to a Pandas DataFrame ready for FAISS/Qdrant using model.export_item_factors().
• Item-to-Item Similarity: Fast Cosine Similarity on embeddings using model.similar_items(item_id).
• Graph Generation: Automatically convert association rules into a networkx directed Graph for community detection using rusket.viz.to_networkx(rules).

🔬 MLOps: MLflow Tracking & Hyperparameter Tuning

rusket has built-in support for MLflow experiment tracking, mlflow.pyfunc packaging, and Bayesian hyperparameter optimisation using Optuna's TPE sampler. For ALS/eALS models, each Optuna trial runs the Rust-native cross-validation backend — making the entire search blazingly fast.

import rusket
import rusket.mlflow
from rusket import OptunaSearchSpace

# ── 1. Enable MLflow Autologging ─────────────────────────────────────
rusket.mlflow.autolog()

# ── 2. Train a single model with automatic tracking ──────────────────
# Hyperparameters (factors, iterations) and training_duration_seconds are logged!
import mlflow
with mlflow.start_run():
    model = rusket.ALS(factors=64, iterations=15).fit(df)

# Save/Load models as native MLflow pyfunc artifacts for easy deployment
rusket.mlflow.save_model(model, "my_als_model")
loaded_model = mlflow.pyfunc.load_model("my_als_model")  # Has a .predict(df) method

# ── 3. Quick hyperparameter search with sensible defaults ───────────
result = rusket.optuna_optimize(
    rusket.ALS,
    df,
    user_col="user_id",
    item_col="item_id",
    n_trials=50,
    metric="ndcg",
    k=10,
)
print(f"Best ndcg@10: {result.best_score:.4f}")
print(f"Best params:  {result.best_params}")

# ── Custom search space + refit best model ───────────────────────────
result = rusket.optuna_optimize(
    rusket.eALS,
    df,
    user_col="user_id",
    item_col="item_id",
    search_space=[
        OptunaSearchSpace.int("factors", 16, 256, log=True),
        OptunaSearchSpace.float("alpha", 1.0, 100.0, log=True),
        OptunaSearchSpace.float("regularization", 1e-4, 1.0, log=True),
        OptunaSearchSpace.int("iterations", 5, 30),
    ],
    n_trials=100,
    n_folds=3,
    metric="precision",
    refit_best=True,  # best model is already fitted
)
items, scores = result.best_model.recommend_items(user_id=42, n=10)

# ── MLflow experiment tracking ───────────────────────────────────────
# pip install mlflow optuna-integration
import mlflow

mlflow.set_tracking_uri("http://localhost:5000")
mlflow.set_experiment("als-tuning")

result = rusket.optuna_optimize(
    rusket.ALS, df,
    user_col="user_id", item_col="item_id",
    n_trials=50, metric="ndcg",
    mlflow_tracking=True,   # ← every trial logged to MLflow
)

# ── Custom callbacks ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
result = rusket.optuna_optimize(
    rusket.ALS, df,
    user_col="user_id", item_col="item_id",
    n_trials=50,
    callbacks=[my_custom_callback],  # any Optuna-compatible callback
)

🚀 GPU Acceleration (CUDA)

rusket supports optional GPU acceleration via CuPy or PyTorch CUDA for models that benefit from large matrix operations. Enable it globally with a single call — no need to pass use_gpu=True to every model.

import rusket

# Enable GPU globally — every model created after this uses CUDA
rusket.enable_gpu()

# All models now default to GPU
als = rusket.ALS(factors=128, iterations=20).fit(interactions)
ease = rusket.EASE(regularization=500).fit(interactions)
bpr = rusket.BPR(factors=64).fit(interactions)

# Per-model override: force a specific model to CPU
small_model = rusket.SVD(factors=16, use_gpu=False)

# Turn it off globally
rusket.disable_gpu()

# Check the current state
rusket.is_gpu_enabled()  # → False

Supported Models

All 12 recommender models respect the global GPU flag:

Installation

# CuPy (recommended — fastest)
pip install cupy-cuda12x

# Or PyTorch
pip install torch

No GPU? No problem. rusket auto-detects whether a GPU backend is available. If neither CuPy nor PyTorch CUDA is installed, enable_gpu() will still succeed but models will raise an ImportError at fit-time. Use rusket.check_gpu_available() to test beforehand.

⚡ Benchmarks

Benchmark environment: Apple Silicon MacBook Air (M-series, arm64, 8 GB RAM). All timings are single-run wall-clock measurements.

Scale Benchmarks (1M → 200M rows)

What's measured: from_transactions() converts long-format (txn_id, item_id) rows into a sparse OHE matrix. fpgrowth() then mines that matrix. Both steps have the same Rust mining cost — the only difference at large scale is whether you pay the conversion cost upfront.

The mining step is fast — the bottleneck at scale is the long-format → sparse-matrix conversion. If your pipeline already produces a CSR/sparse matrix (e.g., from a Parquet/warehouse export), you skip the conversion entirely and only pay the mining cost.

Power-user path: Direct CSR → Rust

import numpy as np
from scipy import sparse as sp
from rusket import FPGrowth

# Build CSR directly from integer IDs (no pandas!)
csr = sp.csr_matrix(
    (np.ones(len(txn_ids), dtype=np.int8), (txn_ids, item_ids)),
    shape=(n_transactions, n_items),
)
freq = FPGrowth(csr, item_names=item_names).mine(
    min_support=0.001, max_len=3, use_colnames=True
)

At 100M rows, the mining step itself takes 10.1 seconds. Building the CSR directly skips the from_transactions conversion cost (~124s) but does not change the mining time.

Real-World Datasets

Run benchmarks yourself:

uv run pytest benchmarks/bench_scale.py -v -s   # Scale benchmark
uv run python benchmarks/bench_realworld.py     # Real-world datasets
uv run pytest tests/test_benchmark.py -v -s      # pytest-benchmark

Recommender Benchmarks vs LibRecommender

Measured with pytest-benchmark (5 rounds, warmed up, GC disabled). MovieLens 100k dataset (943 users, 1,682 items, 100k ratings). Only model.fit() is timed — no startup or data loading overhead.

Note: LibRecommender requires TensorFlow + PyTorch + gensim + Cython (~2 GB of dependencies). rusket has zero runtime dependencies.

uv run pytest benchmarks/bench_pytest_librecommender.py -v --benchmark-columns=mean,stddev,rounds

🏗 Architecture

Data Flow

pandas dense         ──► np.uint8 array (C-contiguous)  ──► Rust fpgrowth_from_dense
pandas Arrow backend ──► Arrow → np.uint8 (zero-copy)   ──► Rust fpgrowth_from_dense
pandas sparse        ──► CSR int32 arrays               ──► Rust fpgrowth_from_csr
polars               ──► Arrow → np.uint8 (zero-copy)   ──► Rust fpgrowth_from_dense
numpy ndarray        ──► np.uint8 (C-contiguous)        ──► Rust fpgrowth_from_dense

All mining and rule generation happens inside Rust. No Python loops, no round-trips.

The 1 Billion Row Architecture

To pass the "1 Billion Row" threshold without OOM crashes, rusket employs a zero-allocation mining loop:

• Eclat Scratch Buffers: intersect_count_into writes intersections directly into thread-local pre-allocated memory bytes and computes popcnt in a single pass. It implements early-exit loop termination the moment it proves a combination cannot reach min_support.
• FPGrowth Parallel Tree Build: Conditional FP-trees are collected concurrently inside the rayon parallel mining step, replacing the standard sequential loop and eliminating memory contention bottlenecks.
• AHashMap Deduplication: Extremely fast O(N) duplicate basket counting replaces standard O(N log N) unstable sorts in the core pipeline.

🧑‍💻 Development

Prerequisites

• Rust 1.83+ (rustup update)
• Python 3.10+
• uv (recommended package manager)

Getting Started

# Clone
git clone https://github.com/bmsuisse/rusket.git
cd rusket

# Build Rust extension in dev mode
uv run maturin develop --release

# Run the full test suite
uv run pytest tests/ -x -q

# Type-check the Python layer
uv run pyright rusket/

# Cargo check (Rust)
cargo check

Run Examples

# Getting started
uv run python examples/01_getting_started.py

# Market basket analysis with Faker
uv run python examples/02_market_basket_faker.py

# Polars input
uv run python examples/03_polars_input.py

# Sparse input
uv run python examples/04_sparse_input.py

# Large-scale mining (100k+ rows)
uv run python examples/05_large_scale.py

🤖 AI Disclosure

A large part of this library — including the Rust core algorithms, the Python wrappers, the OOP class hierarchy, and the Spark integration layer — was written with substantial assistance from AI pair-programming tools (specifically Google Gemini / Antigravity). Human review, benchmarking, and architectural decisions were applied throughout.

We believe in transparency about AI-assisted development. The algorithms are correct, the tests pass, and the performance numbers are real — but if you find a bug or a piece of "AI slop", please open an issue!

📜 License

MIT License