rustdl

Sound, performant OWL 2 DL (SROIQ) reasoner in Rust, with Python bindings. No JVM, no subprocess — native classification via PyO3.

rustdl beats HermiT on every measured ORE workload and wins outright against Konclude on Horn-fragment ontologies. See the project README for the full benchmark table.

Install

pip install rustdl

Wheels are published for CPython 3.10+ on Linux (x86_64, aarch64), macOS (Apple Silicon), and Windows (AMD64). Other platforms build from the sdist (needs a Rust toolchain).

Quick start

Prefer a guided walkthrough? See Debugging an ontology with rustdl — an end-to-end QA tutorial (classify → debug() → justify/repair → fix → read inferred facts).

import rustdl

# A small OWL 2 DL ontology ships inside the wheel (gzip-compressed) — no
# download needed. `examples.pizza()` returns its file path (decompressed
# into a per-user cache dir on first use); `examples.PIZZA_NS` is its
# namespace, so class IRIs are PIZZA_NS + local name (e.g. + "Pizza").
from rustdl.examples import pizza, PIZZA_NS, SULO_NS

# Classify. Format is auto-detected from the extension:
# .ofn (OWL Functional), .owx (OWL/XML), .rdf / .owl (RDF/XML), .omn (Manchester).
result = rustdl.classify(pizza())

print(f"{len(result.classes)} classes, {len(result.unsatisfiable)} unsatisfiable, "
      f"complete={result.complete}")
# -> 88 classes, 0 unsatisfiable, complete=True

# Query the computed hierarchy
print(result.is_subclass(PIZZA_NS + "BoxedPizza", PIZZA_NS + "Pizza"))
# -> True
print(len(result.subclasses_of(PIZZA_NS + "FoodMaterial")))
# -> 25

# The pizza ontology is aligned to the SULO upper ontology, so reasoning
# spans both — e.g. a pizza-making timestamp is inferred to be a SULO StartTime:
print(result.is_subclass(PIZZA_NS + "BakingStartTime", SULO_NS + "StartTime"))
# -> True

# Other hierarchy queries (all take full class IRIs):
result.superclasses_of(PIZZA_NS + "Cheese")        # -> list[str]
result.equivalent_classes(PIZZA_NS + "Pizza")      # -> list[str]
result.direct_subsumers(PIZZA_NS + "BoxedPizza")   # -> list[str] (Hasse-direct parents)

Bundled examples

Three real ontologies ship inside the wheel, gzip-compressed (~200 KB total). They classify with no network access — each examples.X() decompresses its ontology into a per-user cache dir ($XDG_CACHE_HOME/rustdl/examples or ~/.cache/rustdl/examples) on first use, then reuses it. Each examples.X_NS is the namespace, so a class IRI is the namespace plus the local name.

helper	ontology	classes	notes
`pizza()` / `PIZZA_NS`	ontostart pizza	88	SULO-aligned pizza-making ontology; classifies instantly + complete
`sulo()` / `SULO_NS`	SULO (Simple Upper-Level Ontology)	17	tiny; classifies in milliseconds
`sio()` / `SIO_NS`	SIO (Semanticscience Integrated Ontology)	~1600	realistic larger workload; takes tens of seconds. Class IRIs are numeric codes, e.g. `SIO_NS + "SIO_000006"` ("process")

import rustdl
from rustdl import examples

r = rustdl.classify(examples.sulo())
print(r.is_subclass(examples.SULO_NS + "StartTime", examples.SULO_NS + "Object"))
# -> True

API

Classification

result = rustdl.classify(path, *, per_pair_timeout_ms=1000, saturation_only=False)
result = rustdl.classify_bytes(data, format="ofn", *, per_pair_timeout_ms=1000, saturation_only=False)

per_pair_timeout_ms — bound each subsumption test (default 1000; 0 = unbounded). A pair that exceeds the budget is recorded as "not subsumed": sound (never a false subsumption) but the result may be incomplete. When that happens, an IncompleteClassificationWarning is emitted and result.complete is False. Pass 0 for the complete, unbounded classification. The default bounds pathological SROIQ inputs so classification can't hang silently. Conversely, on nominal-heavy ontologies (e.g. the W3C wine ontology) the engines never terminate on the hard pairs and only burn the full budget, so a low value like per_pair_timeout_ms=25 is much faster with no completeness loss (wine: 7.5× faster, identical hierarchy, MISSED=0 vs HermiT).
saturation_only — skip the tableau entirely; EL-closure-only under-approximation. Dramatically faster on mostly-EL ontologies, and always complete (no tableau ⇒ no timeout).

classify / classify_bytes return a Classification:

member	type	meaning
`.classes`	`list[str]`	all declared class IRIs
`.unsatisfiable`	`list[str]`	classes proved `⊑ ⊥`
`.inconsistent`	`bool`	whole ontology unsatisfiable
`.complete`	`bool`	`False` if any pair hit the timeout (result may miss edges)
`.timed_out_pairs`	`int`	how many pairs hit the timeout
`.is_subclass(sub, sup)`	`bool`	is `sub ⊑ sup` entailed?
`.subclasses_of(cls)`	`list[str]`	every `D` with `D ⊑ cls`
`.superclasses_of(cls)`	`list[str]`	every `D` with `cls ⊑ D`
`.equivalent_classes(cls)`	`list[str]`	classes equivalent to `cls`
`.direct_subsumers(cls)`	`list[str]`	Hasse-direct parents of `cls`

One-shot queries

Each parses the file, answers one question, and returns:

rustdl.is_consistent(path)                        # -> bool
rustdl.is_class_satisfiable(path, class_iri)      # -> bool
rustdl.is_subclass_of(path, sub_iri, sup_iri)     # -> bool
rustdl.is_instance_of(path, class_iri, indiv_iri) # -> bool
rustdl.instances_of(path, class_iri)              # -> list[str]
rustdl.realize(path)                              # -> dict[str, list[str]]

realize returns each individual IRI mapped to its most-specific entailed class IRIs.

For repeated queries over the same ontology, prefer classify(path) once and query the returned Classification — each top-level function re-parses.

Inference materialization

rustdl.materialize_inferred_subclass_axioms(path)   # -> list[tuple[str, str]]
rustdl.materialize_inferred_class_assertions(path)  # -> list[tuple[str, str]]

materialize_inferred_subclass_axioms yields (sub, sup) pairs for every entailed subsumption (excluding reflexive, owl:Thing/owl:Nothing, and unsatisfiable classes). materialize_inferred_class_assertions yields (class, individual) pairs. Useful for writing an inferred ontology back to disk.

Errors

rustdl.RustdlError            # base — catches everything from the library
rustdl.ParseError             # the OWL file couldn't be parsed
rustdl.UnsupportedAxiomError  # HasKey, role chains > length 2, etc.
rustdl.UnknownClassError      # an IRI argument isn't a declared class

try:
    result = rustdl.classify("ontology.ofn")
except rustdl.ParseError as e:
    print(f"bad input: {e}")
except rustdl.RustdlError as e:
    print(f"reasoning failed: {e}")

Soundness & coverage

rustdl is sound: every reported subsumption is a genuine entailment (FP=0 against Konclude on the validation corpus). Completeness is partial — the default classifier is empirically near-complete across the measured corpus but not provably complete on all of SROIQ. saturation_only and per_pair_timeout_ms are sound-but-incomplete by construction.

Data-property and datatype axioms outside the recognized preprocessing patterns are silently dropped (a sound under-approximation). HasKey and role chains longer than length 2 raise UnsupportedAxiomError. SWRL rules are skipped.

See the project documentation for the full coverage matrix, soundness contract, and architecture notes.

License

Apache-2.0 OR MIT.

Download files

Download the file for your platform. If you're not sure which to choose, learn more about installing packages.

Source Distribution

rustdl-0.4.21.tar.gz (1.6 MB view details)

Uploaded Aug 21, 2026 Source

Built Distributions

If you're not sure about the file name format, learn more about wheel file names.

The dropdown lists show the available interpreters, ABIs, and platforms. Enable javascript to be able to filter the list of wheel files.

rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-win_amd64.whl (2.8 MB view details)

Uploaded Aug 21, 2026 CPython 3.10+Windows x86-64

rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl (2.7 MB view details)

Uploaded Aug 21, 2026 CPython 3.10+musllinux: musl 1.2+ x86-64

rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-musllinux_1_2_aarch64.whl (2.5 MB view details)

Uploaded Aug 21, 2026 CPython 3.10+musllinux: musl 1.2+ ARM64

rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux2014_x86_64.whl (2.7 MB view details)

Uploaded Aug 21, 2026 CPython 3.10+manylinux: glibc 2.17+ x86-64

rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-manylinux_2_17_aarch64.manylinux2014_aarch64.whl (2.4 MB view details)

Uploaded Aug 21, 2026 CPython 3.10+manylinux: glibc 2.17+ ARM64

rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl (2.4 MB view details)

Uploaded Aug 21, 2026 CPython 3.10+macOS 11.0+ ARM64

File details

Details for the file rustdl-0.4.21.tar.gz.

File metadata

Download URL: rustdl-0.4.21.tar.gz
Upload date: Aug 21, 2026
Size: 1.6 MB
Tags: Source
Uploaded using Trusted Publishing? Yes
Uploaded via: twine/7.0.0 CPython/3.13.14

File hashes

Hashes for rustdl-0.4.21.tar.gz
Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`44db10f898c7574f6052539ee4b81099090e5d53711f8cf0756ead2277f5d453`
MD5	`ba2bd6479e16b300bd7f9691eb9f0494`
BLAKE2b-256	`5343138e484fef6e60979a8c919d94f86a7e48fe94b1d5cb8470d5a78ea54bf9`

See more details on using hashes here.

Provenance

The following attestation bundles were made for rustdl-0.4.21.tar.gz:

Publisher: release-python.yml on MaastrichtU-IDS/rustdl

Attestations: Values shown here reflect the state when the release was signed and may no longer be current.

Statement:
- Statement type: https://in-toto.io/Statement/v1
- Predicate type: https://docs.pypi.org/attestations/publish/v1
- Subject name: rustdl-0.4.21.tar.gz
- Subject digest: 44db10f898c7574f6052539ee4b81099090e5d53711f8cf0756ead2277f5d453
- Sigstore transparency entry: 2546900660
- Sigstore integration time: Aug 21, 2026
Source repository:
- Permalink: MaastrichtU-IDS/rustdl@9c5894fd6094bd9361ecbb020e2ced73364daac6
- Branch / Tag: refs/tags/v0.4.21
- Owner: https://github.com/MaastrichtU-IDS
- Access: public
Publication detail:
- Token Issuer: https://token.actions.githubusercontent.com
- Runner Environment: github-hosted
- Publication workflow: release-python.yml@9c5894fd6094bd9361ecbb020e2ced73364daac6
- Trigger Event: push

File details

Details for the file rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-win_amd64.whl.

File metadata

Download URL: rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-win_amd64.whl
Upload date: Aug 21, 2026
Size: 2.8 MB
Tags: CPython 3.10+, Windows x86-64
Uploaded using Trusted Publishing? Yes
Uploaded via: twine/7.0.0 CPython/3.13.14

File hashes

Hashes for rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-win_amd64.whl
Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`0d45dbe9a525ff4387612c1e2ca7ac09564b4b4d89a4da1d31773dc7322dc038`
MD5	`6a967841c7c210c7d0f2d39b3a9ae249`
BLAKE2b-256	`aadd14df8396230e246cfb1ab0793e87d742a93326f2e5b4749eee328f68c8a3`

See more details on using hashes here.

Provenance

The following attestation bundles were made for rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-win_amd64.whl:

Publisher: release-python.yml on MaastrichtU-IDS/rustdl

Attestations: Values shown here reflect the state when the release was signed and may no longer be current.

Statement:
- Statement type: https://in-toto.io/Statement/v1
- Predicate type: https://docs.pypi.org/attestations/publish/v1
- Subject name: rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-win_amd64.whl
- Subject digest: 0d45dbe9a525ff4387612c1e2ca7ac09564b4b4d89a4da1d31773dc7322dc038
- Sigstore transparency entry: 2546903244
- Sigstore integration time: Aug 21, 2026
Source repository:
- Permalink: MaastrichtU-IDS/rustdl@9c5894fd6094bd9361ecbb020e2ced73364daac6
- Branch / Tag: refs/tags/v0.4.21
- Owner: https://github.com/MaastrichtU-IDS
- Access: public
Publication detail:
- Token Issuer: https://token.actions.githubusercontent.com
- Runner Environment: github-hosted
- Publication workflow: release-python.yml@9c5894fd6094bd9361ecbb020e2ced73364daac6
- Trigger Event: push

File details

Details for the file rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl.

File metadata

Download URL: rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl
Upload date: Aug 21, 2026
Size: 2.7 MB
Tags: CPython 3.10+, musllinux: musl 1.2+ x86-64
Uploaded using Trusted Publishing? Yes
Uploaded via: twine/7.0.0 CPython/3.13.14

File hashes

Hashes for rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl
Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`7631b84b6dea294c116286f99803c4fa0f25070aa6a9097554fdce2ee116a8c1`
MD5	`742c5946c4ffe80abd6bddd80284029c`
BLAKE2b-256	`5ef0c2e22632ff953fa4a3c6c1c7bd21334be5b2efa2ceaad060b368056d558b`

See more details on using hashes here.

Provenance

The following attestation bundles were made for rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl:

Publisher: release-python.yml on MaastrichtU-IDS/rustdl

Attestations: Values shown here reflect the state when the release was signed and may no longer be current.

Statement:
- Statement type: https://in-toto.io/Statement/v1
- Predicate type: https://docs.pypi.org/attestations/publish/v1
- Subject name: rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-musllinux_1_2_x86_64.whl
- Subject digest: 7631b84b6dea294c116286f99803c4fa0f25070aa6a9097554fdce2ee116a8c1
- Sigstore transparency entry: 2546903766
- Sigstore integration time: Aug 21, 2026
Source repository:
- Permalink: MaastrichtU-IDS/rustdl@9c5894fd6094bd9361ecbb020e2ced73364daac6
- Branch / Tag: refs/tags/v0.4.21
- Owner: https://github.com/MaastrichtU-IDS
- Access: public
Publication detail:
- Token Issuer: https://token.actions.githubusercontent.com
- Runner Environment: github-hosted
- Publication workflow: release-python.yml@9c5894fd6094bd9361ecbb020e2ced73364daac6
- Trigger Event: push

File details

Details for the file rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-musllinux_1_2_aarch64.whl.

File metadata

Download URL: rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-musllinux_1_2_aarch64.whl
Upload date: Aug 21, 2026
Size: 2.5 MB
Tags: CPython 3.10+, musllinux: musl 1.2+ ARM64
Uploaded using Trusted Publishing? Yes
Uploaded via: twine/7.0.0 CPython/3.13.14

File hashes

Hashes for rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-musllinux_1_2_aarch64.whl
Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`ca491298c15793bd9413b17e1710276668fa84f525622ed05da604b99e303e0c`
MD5	`bc1216932964a9802e9f001c9a5cadf8`
BLAKE2b-256	`00a1fb7fb78d4902280c883e5c82fb79382666f77b77de74c3bdf8cef0ea4358`

See more details on using hashes here.

Provenance

The following attestation bundles were made for rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-musllinux_1_2_aarch64.whl:

Publisher: release-python.yml on MaastrichtU-IDS/rustdl

Attestations: Values shown here reflect the state when the release was signed and may no longer be current.

Statement:
- Statement type: https://in-toto.io/Statement/v1
- Predicate type: https://docs.pypi.org/attestations/publish/v1
- Subject name: rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-musllinux_1_2_aarch64.whl
- Subject digest: ca491298c15793bd9413b17e1710276668fa84f525622ed05da604b99e303e0c
- Sigstore transparency entry: 2546901990
- Sigstore integration time: Aug 21, 2026
Source repository:
- Permalink: MaastrichtU-IDS/rustdl@9c5894fd6094bd9361ecbb020e2ced73364daac6
- Branch / Tag: refs/tags/v0.4.21
- Owner: https://github.com/MaastrichtU-IDS
- Access: public
Publication detail:
- Token Issuer: https://token.actions.githubusercontent.com
- Runner Environment: github-hosted
- Publication workflow: release-python.yml@9c5894fd6094bd9361ecbb020e2ced73364daac6
- Trigger Event: push

File details

Details for the file rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux2014_x86_64.whl.

File metadata

Download URL: rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux2014_x86_64.whl
Upload date: Aug 21, 2026
Size: 2.7 MB
Tags: CPython 3.10+, manylinux: glibc 2.17+ x86-64
Uploaded using Trusted Publishing? Yes
Uploaded via: twine/7.0.0 CPython/3.13.14

File hashes

Hashes for rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux2014_x86_64.whl
Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`1b2c8f8ea69f0ae28ea237d261ffef33ad98c33b6fdde9ba7e2c5e961a9b87d9`
MD5	`7b504df0087b86c860301a8e8fe14fc3`
BLAKE2b-256	`224e246079f771f47f3953ea6b6d102fc873be6b0775c96d46802c93471869b5`

See more details on using hashes here.

Provenance

The following attestation bundles were made for rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux2014_x86_64.whl:

Publisher: release-python.yml on MaastrichtU-IDS/rustdl

Attestations: Values shown here reflect the state when the release was signed and may no longer be current.

Statement:
- Statement type: https://in-toto.io/Statement/v1
- Predicate type: https://docs.pypi.org/attestations/publish/v1
- Subject name: rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux2014_x86_64.whl
- Subject digest: 1b2c8f8ea69f0ae28ea237d261ffef33ad98c33b6fdde9ba7e2c5e961a9b87d9
- Sigstore transparency entry: 2546901279
- Sigstore integration time: Aug 21, 2026
Source repository:
- Permalink: MaastrichtU-IDS/rustdl@9c5894fd6094bd9361ecbb020e2ced73364daac6
- Branch / Tag: refs/tags/v0.4.21
- Owner: https://github.com/MaastrichtU-IDS
- Access: public
Publication detail:
- Token Issuer: https://token.actions.githubusercontent.com
- Runner Environment: github-hosted
- Publication workflow: release-python.yml@9c5894fd6094bd9361ecbb020e2ced73364daac6
- Trigger Event: push

File details

Details for the file rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-manylinux_2_17_aarch64.manylinux2014_aarch64.whl.

File metadata

Download URL: rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-manylinux_2_17_aarch64.manylinux2014_aarch64.whl
Upload date: Aug 21, 2026
Size: 2.4 MB
Tags: CPython 3.10+, manylinux: glibc 2.17+ ARM64
Uploaded using Trusted Publishing? Yes
Uploaded via: twine/7.0.0 CPython/3.13.14

File hashes

Hashes for rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-manylinux_2_17_aarch64.manylinux2014_aarch64.whl
Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`c08fcf6f16bb8c385cbede33d11c43e13dc30914b7707cc680b4a3d7de8c72b7`
MD5	`8f4f53db7ed879a1b68d6ce62cb4bc33`
BLAKE2b-256	`9f2dcd90425aee3e11d932e850f59ed1d593a0a01bde021d53eac8751c6ee597`

See more details on using hashes here.

Provenance

The following attestation bundles were made for rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-manylinux_2_17_aarch64.manylinux2014_aarch64.whl:

Publisher: release-python.yml on MaastrichtU-IDS/rustdl

Attestations: Values shown here reflect the state when the release was signed and may no longer be current.

Statement:
- Statement type: https://in-toto.io/Statement/v1
- Predicate type: https://docs.pypi.org/attestations/publish/v1
- Subject name: rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-manylinux_2_17_aarch64.manylinux2014_aarch64.whl
- Subject digest: c08fcf6f16bb8c385cbede33d11c43e13dc30914b7707cc680b4a3d7de8c72b7
- Sigstore transparency entry: 2546902443
- Sigstore integration time: Aug 21, 2026
Source repository:
- Permalink: MaastrichtU-IDS/rustdl@9c5894fd6094bd9361ecbb020e2ced73364daac6
- Branch / Tag: refs/tags/v0.4.21
- Owner: https://github.com/MaastrichtU-IDS
- Access: public
Publication detail:
- Token Issuer: https://token.actions.githubusercontent.com
- Runner Environment: github-hosted
- Publication workflow: release-python.yml@9c5894fd6094bd9361ecbb020e2ced73364daac6
- Trigger Event: push

File details

Details for the file rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl.

File metadata

Download URL: rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl
Upload date: Aug 21, 2026
Size: 2.4 MB
Tags: CPython 3.10+, macOS 11.0+ ARM64
Uploaded using Trusted Publishing? Yes
Uploaded via: twine/7.0.0 CPython/3.13.14

File hashes

Hashes for rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl
Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`8d414f32e46a26ef6f9f52501eb290cf98f944921c93edae8c98d6d06fec5c77`
MD5	`3c0bdbaabdf04cd3281260711d806783`
BLAKE2b-256	`9976ae8f63d04a489a1d99eba60efa987b13140dc0aadf9d8943a1e586b290d9`

See more details on using hashes here.

Provenance

The following attestation bundles were made for rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl:

Publisher: release-python.yml on MaastrichtU-IDS/rustdl

Attestations: Values shown here reflect the state when the release was signed and may no longer be current.

Statement:
- Statement type: https://in-toto.io/Statement/v1
- Predicate type: https://docs.pypi.org/attestations/publish/v1
- Subject name: rustdl-0.4.21-cp310-abi3-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl
- Subject digest: 8d414f32e46a26ef6f9f52501eb290cf98f944921c93edae8c98d6d06fec5c77
- Sigstore transparency entry: 2546903395
- Sigstore integration time: Aug 21, 2026
Source repository:
- Permalink: MaastrichtU-IDS/rustdl@9c5894fd6094bd9361ecbb020e2ced73364daac6
- Branch / Tag: refs/tags/v0.4.21
- Owner: https://github.com/MaastrichtU-IDS
- Access: public
Publication detail:
- Token Issuer: https://token.actions.githubusercontent.com
- Runner Environment: github-hosted
- Publication workflow: release-python.yml@9c5894fd6094bd9361ecbb020e2ced73364daac6
- Trigger Event: push