sh-agent

A real interactive shell on your own machine, driven from your phone. Run the agent on the machine you want a shell into, install the app on your phone, scan a code, and you have a terminal that keeps its scrollback across a dropped connection.

The client is sh-app, an Expo app for Android and iOS.

Who this is for

Someone already uses a terminal, wants their phone to be a genuinely usable one, and is comfortable installing a small program on their own machine and a VPN on two devices.

What you get

• Two-finger gestures for the keys a phone keyboard hides: arrows, Ctrl-C, Ctrl-D, Esc, Ctrl-Z, plus a sticky modifier.
• Pinch to resize the text, so a narrow phone screen is not a cramped one.
• Named tmux sessions that survive the app being closed, so a long build keeps running.
• Reconnect that waits. A host that is asleep or out of cell range is retried indefinitely rather than written off after 40 seconds.
• A swipe-to-run command palette for the commands you actually type often.

What this is not, yet

• No Windows. The agent is POSIX-only (openpty, TIOCSCTTY, killpg). Windows needs a ConPTY layer and does not have one.
• The host needs Python 3.11+, macOS or Linux.
• It does not wake your machine. A sleeping host serves nothing. Tailscale gets you reachability from anywhere; it does not get you a powered-on laptop.
• iOS builds need an Apple account. Expo Go works for trying it; a standalone build needs the Apple Developer Program.

Everything above is a deliberate boundary, not a bug in disguise.

Try it in five minutes

You need Python 3.11+ on the host, the app on your phone, and either Tailscale (works from anywhere) or being on the same Wi-Fi (works at home).

Install the app first. Expo Go is quickest on both platforms — run npx expo start in the sh-app repo and scan its QR with the app. If you would rather not run a dev server, the client's README has a standalone Android APK and says what an iOS build needs.

curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Faisal-Fayaz/sh-agent/main/scripts/install.sh | bash
sh-agent $SH_HOST=0.0.0.0 $SH_ALLOW_LAN=1

Or from a clone, ./scripts/install.sh. The installer picks uv or pipx if you have either and falls back to a virtualenv if you do not.

There is no token to generate and nothing to copy into your shell. The agent creates one on first run, stores it in ~/.config/sh/agent.env (mode 0600), and prints a QR code. Open the app, tap Scan to pair, and point your phone at it:

sh-agent listening on 0.0.0.0:8765
pairing over the local network (172.20.10.3); run Tailscale to pair from anywhere

Pair your phone by scanning this, or open the link:

█████████████████████████████████████████████
██ ▄▄▄▄▄ █ ▀ ▄▄▄▀▄ ▀█▀▀▄▀ ▀██▀▀▀█ ▄▄▄▄▄ ██
...

sh://connect?host=172.20.10.3&port=8765&token=...

The token persists, so restarting the agent never unpairs a phone. To get the code again later -- to add a second phone, or after deleting agent.env -- without restarting anything:

sh-agent --pairing

If you start the agent through scripts/serverctl.sh the code is echoed to your terminal after the health check, since that script backgrounds the agent with its output redirected to a log.

With Tailscale running the same command needs no SH_HOST at all: the agent binds your 100.x tailnet address and the pairing code carries that instead, which is the only version that also works once you leave the house.

Then scan the code with the app — tap Scan to pair and point the camera at the terminal. If the camera is unavailable, Enter manually takes the same host, port and token by hand.

Verify it worked:

curl -s http://<host>:8765/health | python3 -m json.tool

Running from a clone

For development, where you want the tests and a local checkout:

# uv (lockfile committed, reproducible)
uv venv && uv pip install -e ".[dev]"

# or plain pip
python3 -m venv .venv && .venv/bin/pip install -e ".[dev]"

./.venv/bin/python -m sh_agent

There is no SH_TOKEN to set. To pin one for a single run instead, export SH_TOKEN; it overrides the stored value without replacing it.

With Tailscale running and no SH_HOST set, the agent binds to your tailnet address (100.x.y.z) rather than 0.0.0.0, so it is never exposed off-tailnet. Set SH_ALLOW_LAN=1 to override (dev only).

Running it always

A phone client is only useful if the agent is up when you reach for it, and a shell started by hand dies with the terminal. A user unit needs no root and survives reboots once you log in or enable lingering:

uv tool install --force .
install -Dm755 systemd/sh-agent.service ~/.config/systemd/user/sh-agent.service
systemctl --user daemon-reload && systemctl --user enable --now sh-agent
loginctl enable-linger "$USER"    # optional: keep it running without a login session

uv tool install puts the sh-agent binary on PATH at ~/.local/bin, which is what the unit runs. The token is not in the unit at all: run the agent once and it writes ~/.config/sh/agent.env (mode 0600), which the unit then loads. That is what stops restarting the agent from invalidating a phone that is already paired.

One ordering caveat. tailscaled is a system unit, so a user unit cannot order itself against it. If the agent wins that race on boot it binds 127.0.0.1 instead of the tailnet address, which is silently unreachable from the phone. The agent prints the address it bound to, so check that line after a reboot; if it says 127.0.0.1 while you are on a tailnet, run systemctl --user restart sh-agent.

Configuration

Variable	Default	Meaning
SH_TOKEN	—	Required. Bearer token for all access
SH_WRITE_TOKEN	unset	Enables palette write endpoints. Unset ⇒ 403
SH_HOST	127.0.0.1	Bind address when not on a tailnet
SH_PORT	8765	Listen port
SH_ALLOW_LAN	unset	Bind 0.0.0.0. Dev only
SH_SHELL	/bin/bash -l	Shell to spawn
SH_CWD	—	Default working directory
SH_PALETTE	~/.config/sh/palette.json	Palette file
SH_AUDIT	~/.local/state/sh/audit.log	Audit log (SH_AUDIT="" disables)
SH_IDLE_TTL	1800	Seconds before an idle session is reaped
SH_DETACH_GRACE	120	Seconds a disconnected session survives for reconnect/resume
SH_REAP_INTERVAL	15	How often the reaper runs
SH_MAX_SESSIONS	8	Concurrent session cap
SH_RING_CAPACITY	262144	Replay buffer bytes per session
SH_TAILSCALE_REQUIRE	unset	Reject peers whose identity can't be verified
SH_TAILSCALE_ALLOW	unset	Comma-separated allowlist of tailnet logins
SH_TMUX_ENABLED	1	Offer tmux-backed named sessions
SH_TMUX_SECRET	derived from SH_TOKEN	Secret for namespacing tmux session names
SH_TMUX_MAX_SESSIONS	12	Cap on persisted tmux sessions
SH_TMUX_IDLE_TTL	3600	Seconds an unattached tmux session may linger (see below)

Protocol

WebSocket at /ws/{session_id}. Token via Authorization: Bearer <token> header or ?token=. All PTY bytes are base64-encoded — a UTF-8 sequence can straddle a frame boundary, and raw text frames corrupt output.

Client → server

{"type": "stdin",  "data": "<base64>"}
{"type": "resize", "cols": 132, "rows": 43}
{"type": "kill"}
{"type": "ping"}

Server → client

{"type": "hello",  "session_id": "…", "shell": "/bin/bash -l", "cols": 80, "rows": 24}
{"type": "stdout", "seq": 4096, "data": "<base64>"}
{"type": "exit",   "code": 0}
{"type": "error",  "message": "…"}
{"type": "pong"}

seq is a monotonic byte offset into the session's output stream, not a frame counter.

Reconnect

Disconnecting the WebSocket does not kill the shell. Reconnect with ?resume=<seq> where seq is the last byte offset you received; the agent replays exactly the missed range. If the requested offset has already been evicted from the ring buffer, replay starts from the oldest retained byte and the client must treat the terminal as resynced. This is the mechanism for surviving mobile network flaps.

Close codes

4401 auth failed · 4404 unknown session

HTTP API

Method	Path	Auth
GET	/health	open
GET	/whoami	token
GET	/audit/recent?limit=	token
POST	/api/session	token
GET	/api/session/{id}	token
POST	/api/session/{id}/kill	token
GET	/api/commands	token
POST	/api/commands	write token
PATCH	/api/commands/{id}	write token
DELETE	/api/commands/{id}	write token

Security model

1. Reachable only over the tailnet unless SH_ALLOW_LAN is set.
2. Bearer token compared with hmac.compare_digest; never logged.
3. Tailscale identity resolution via the tailscaled.sock localapi whois endpoint, so the agent can allowlist by login even if the token leaks to another node on the tailnet.
4. Palette writes require a distinct token and are off by default.
5. Built-in palette entries are immutable and cannot be shadowed in place — only overridden by name.
6. Every auth event, session lifecycle event, and palette mutation is appended to the audit log.
7. Sessions are capped and reaped; children are killed via killpg so no shell outlives its session.

Two session modes

	pty (default)	tmux
Persistence	Survives a disconnect for SH_DETACH_GRACE	Survives indefinitely
Identity	Anonymous, per connection	Named, stable
Reconnect	Byte-offset replay into a ring buffer	tmux new-session -A reattaches
Scrollback	Replayed since the last disconnect	tmux's own, including across app restarts
Best for	Ad-hoc commands	Long-running work you come back to

tmux mode is the same PtySession with its command set to tmux new-session -A -s <name>, so it reuses the entire streaming path rather than introducing a second one.

Namespacing. tmux new-session -A attaches to any session with a matching name, so an un-namespaced slug would let anyone holding a token attach to another holder's session. Slugs are therefore mapped to sh-<hmac8(secret, slug)>-<slug>: readable in tmux ls, unguessable to a client that does not hold the secret. The default secret derives from SH_TOKEN, so everyone sharing a token shares a namespace — set SH_TMUX_SECRET for isolation.

Lifecycle. tmux sessions outlive everything, which is the point and the hazard. The sweeper caps them at SH_TMUX_MAX_SESSIONS and only ever kills sessions with no attached client — an explicit kill removes the tmux session itself, while detach deliberately leaves it running.

Attaching is a switch, not a clone. tmux will happily attach several clients to one session, so tapping a session repeatedly would otherwise add a PTY and a registry row every time. Creating a tmux session now replaces any session the agent already tracks under that name: the old socket is closed, its tmux clients are detached, and the new one attaches. The tmux session and its scrollback are untouched, so reconnecting mid-task is seamless. /api/sessions also omits any slug that is already listed as live, so one session can never read as two rows.

Socket lifetime

Killing or reaping a session closes its WebSocket with code 4404. Without that, the client would sit on a socket to a dead shell and never learn; the close code is what lets it start a replacement shell and tell the user it happened.

Session lifetime

Two independent reapers, because "idle" means different things in the two states:

• Attached but idle (SH_IDLE_TTL, 30 min) — a user walked away from a live terminal.
• Detached (SH_DETACH_GRACE, 2 min) — the WebSocket dropped. This is deliberately short but long enough to survive a mobile network flap, because ?resume= can only replay a session that still exists.

Without the detach grace, every app reload leaks a session until the 30-minute idle reaper runs, and a hot-reload dev loop hits SH_MAX_SESSIONS within minutes.

Development

.venv/bin/python -m pytest -q          # 99 unit + API tests, incl. a fake tailscaled socket
.venv/bin/python -m ruff check .
.venv/bin/python -m ruff format .

./scripts/serverctl.sh start           # pidfile-managed dev server
./scripts/serverctl.sh stop

# live end-to-end checks (need a running agent)
export SH_TOKEN=$(.venv/bin/python -m sh_agent --generate-token)
./scripts/serverctl.sh start
.venv/bin/python scripts/verify_m1.py               # 23 checks: shell, resize, auth, resume
.venv/bin/python scripts/verify_resume.py           # 10 checks: drop mid-stream, zero loss
.venv/bin/python scripts/verify_resume_eviction.py  # 11 checks: resume from an evicted offset
.venv/bin/python scripts/verify_tmux.py                # 27 checks: named sessions end to end

New API:

Method	Path	Purpose
GET	/api/sessions	List live PTY sessions and persisted tmux sessions
POST	/api/session/{id}/detach	Drop the socket but keep a tmux session running
DELETE	/api/persisted/{slug}	Remove a detached tmux session (it has no session id left to kill by)

Terminal size

Sessions are created at 80x24 and resized as the client measures itself. That resize only reaches full-screen programs if the spawned shell owns its controlling terminal: the agent uses os.openpty() plus setsid(), and without TIOCSCTTY there is no foreground process group, so TIOCSWINSZ updates the stored size but never delivers SIGWINCH. A plain shell reads the size when asked and so never notices; tmux, vim and other full-screen programs only re-read the terminal when signalled, and would keep rendering for their startup size. With the controlling terminal in place, tmux follows the client and its window-size latest option does the right thing on its own.

preexec_fn targets the slave fd rather than stdin because CPython runs it before it dup2's the standard streams, so fd 0 is not yet the pty. The agent is single-threaded, which is the one thing that would make preexec_fn unsafe.

Roadmap

The features are built and verified on hardware. What remains is reach.

• Windows. The one real gap. The agent is POSIX-only -- os.openpty, TIOCSCTTY and killpg have no Windows equivalent and there is no ConPTY layer, so this is an abstraction to write rather than a branch to patch. macOS and Linux are supported today.
• PyPI. The package builds and passes twine check; it has not been uploaded.
• Wake on demand. Not implemented, and not a small thing. Wake-on-LAN is a Layer 2 magic packet and Tailscale is Layer 3, so it cannot be sent over the tunnel at all -- it needs a second always-on machine whose only job is sending the packet. That machine can just as well run the agent.

Earlier milestones -- the PTY agent, the Expo client, the gesture layer, the command palette, Tailscale identity, reconnect hardening, and the pairing bootstrap -- are all done.