simulated-bifurcation 2.0.0

Efficient implementation of the quantum-inspired Simulated Bifurcation (SB) algorithm to solve Ising-like problems.

Simulated Bifurcation for Python

The Simulated Bifurcation (SB) algorithm is a fast and highly parallelizable state-of-the-art algorithm for quadratic combinatorial optimization inspired by quantum physics and spins dynamics. It relies on Hamiltonian quantum mechanics to find local minima of Ising problems. The last accuracy tests showed a median optimality gap of less than 1% on high-dimensional instances.

This open-source package utilizes PyTorch to leverage GPU computations, harnessing the high potential for parallelization offered by the SB algorithm.

It also provides an API to define Ising models or other NP-hard and NP-complete problems (QUBO, Karp problems, ...) that can be solved using the SB algorithm.

⚙️ Install

Compute Plateform	CPU	GPU
Instructions	pip install simulated-bifurcation	Install PyTorch with GPU support pip install simulated-bifurcation

To use the latest package version matching the GitHub main branch status, use:

pip install git+https://github.com/bqth29/simulated-bifurcation-algorithm.git

💡 Online documentation

The documentation of the package is available on ReadTheDocs.

🧪 The Simulated Bifurcation (SB) algorithm

Ising model

An Ising problem, given a null-diagonal square symmetrical matrix $J$ of size $N \times N$ and a vector $h$ of size $N$, consists in finding the spin vector $\mathbf{s} = (s_{1}, ... s_{N})$ called the ground state, (each $s_{i}$ being equal to either 1 or -1) such that the following value, called Ising energy, is minimal:

$$- \frac{1}{2} \sum_{i=1}^{N} \sum_{j=1}^{N} J_{ij}s_{i}s_{j} + \sum_{i=1}^{N} h_{i}s_{i}$$

This problem is known to be NP-hard but is very useful since it can be used in many sectors such as finance, transportation or chemistry or derived as other well-know optimization problems (QUBO, MAXCUT, Knapsack problem, etc.).

The Simulated Bifurcation algorithm was originally introduced to solve Ising problems by simulating the adiabatic evolution of spins in a quantum Hamiltonian system, but can also be generalized to a wider range of optimization problems.

Usage on polynomial instances

The SB algorithm can be used more broadly to minimize or maximize quadratic models which are multivariable polynomials of degree two, i.e. written as

$$\sum_{i=1}^{N} \sum_{j=1}^{N} M_{ij}x_{i}x_{j} + \sum_{i=1}^{N} v_{i}x_{i} + c$$

for which the $x_{i}$'s can be spins, binary or non-negative integer.

This can also be seen as the sum of a quadratic form, a linear form and a constant term (offset) and such a formulation is the basis of many optimization problems.

Any quadratic model written as above can easily be converted in an equivalent Ising model, thus allowing the use of the SB algorithm for minimizing said quadratic model on a given optimization domain.

The minimize and maximize functions allow to respectively minimize and maximize the value of such quadratic models on a given optimization domain, relying on the SB algorithm. They both return the optimal polynomial value found by the SB algorithm, along with its associated input vector.

The optimization domain is not necessarily the same for all the variables of the quadratic model.

The input types must be passed to the domain argument:

• spin (default value) for a spin optimization: the optimal vector will only have ±1 values
• binary for a binary optimization: the optimal vector will only have 0 or 1 values
• intX for a X-bits encoded integer optimization: the optimal vector will only have integer value encoded with X bits or less, i.e. belonging to the range 0 to $2^{X} - 1$.

For instance, 9-bits integer correspond to the int9 input type and the accepted values span from 0 to 511.

import simulated_bifurcation as sb

matrix = torch.tensor([[1, 1, 2], [0, -1, -2], [-2, 0, 2]])
vector = torch.tensor([-1, 0, 2])
constant = 2.0

The package provides a polynomial API to build quadratic multivariate polynomials from such tensors. Four options are possible.

A polynomial can be defined using coefficient tensors or SymPy expressions to define polynomials in a more natural way from mathematical equations.

The four following code snippets all create equivalent polynomials

1. Using the QuadraticPolynomial class

from simulated_bifurcation.core import QuadraticPolynomial

With tensors

polynomial = QuadraticPolynomial(matrix, vector, constant)

With a SymPy expression

from sympy import poly, symbols
x, y, z = symbols("x y z")
expression = poly(
    x**2 - y**2 + 2 * z**2
    + x * y + 2 * x * z
    - 2 * y * z
    - 2 * z * x
    - x + 2 * z
    + 2
)

polynomial = QuadraticPolynomial(expression)

2. Using the sb.build_model function

With tensors

polynomial = sb.build_model(matrix, vector, constant)

With a SymPy expression

from sympy import poly, symbols
x, y, z = symbols("x y z")
expression = poly(
    x**2 - y**2 + 2 * z**2
    + x * y + 2 * x * z
    - 2 * y * z
    - 2 * z * x
    - x + 2 * z
    + 2
)

polynomial = sb.build_model(expression)

The minimize and maximize functions allow to respectively minimize and maximize the value of such polynomials for a given type of input values, relying on the SB algorithm. They both return the optimal polynomial value found by the SB algorithm, along with its associated variable vector.

Minimization

# Spin minimization
spin_value, spin_vector = sb.minimize(matrix, vector, constant, domain='spin')

# Binary minimization
binary_value, binary_vector = sb.minimize(matrix, vector, constant, domain='binary')

# 3-bits integer minimization
int_value, int_vector = sb.minimize(matrix, vector, constant, domain='int3')

# Minimization with each variable having its own domain
value, vector = sb.minimize(matrix, vector, constant, domain=['spin', 'binary', 'int3'])

Or, using a SymPy expression:

# Spin minimization
spin_value, spin_vector = sb.minimize(expression, domain='spin')

# Binary minimization
binary_value, binary_vector = sb.minimize(expression, domain='binary')

# 3-bits integer minimization
int_value, int_vector = sb.minimize(expression, domain='int3')

# Minimization with each variable having its own domain
value, vector = sb.minimize(expression, domain=['spin', 'binary', 'int3'])

Maximization

# Spin maximization
spin_value, spin_vector = sb.maximize(matrix, vector, constant, domain='spin')

# Binary maximization
binary_value, binary_vector = sb.maximize(matrix, vector, constant, domain='binary')

# 10-bits integer maximization
int_value, int_vector = sb.maximize(matrix, vector, constant, domain='int10')

# Maximization with each variable having its own domain
value, vector = sb.minimize(matrix, vector, constant, domain=['spin', 'binary', 'int10'])

Or, using a SymPy expression:

# Spin minimization
spin_value, spin_vector = sb.maximize(expression, domain='spin')

# Binary minimization
binary_value, binary_vector = sb.maximize(expression, domain='binary')

# 3-bits integer minimization
int_value, int_vector = sb.maximize(expression, domain='int10')

# Maximization with each variable having its own domain
value, vector = sb.minimize(expression, domain=['spin', 'binary', 'int10'])

For both functions, only the matrix is required, the vector and constant terms are optional.

Parallelization (multi-agent search)

The Simulated Bifurcation algorithm is highly parallelizable since it only relies on linear matrices equations. To take advantage of this property, this implementation offers the possibility to perform a multi-agent search of the optimal solution by evolving several spin vectors in parallel (each one being called an agent). The number of agents is set by the agents parameter in the minimize and maximize functions.

💡 Tip: it is faster to run once the algorithm with N agents than to run N times the algorithm with only one agent.

# Efficient computation ✔️
sb.minimize(matrix, agents=100)

# Slower cumbersome computation ❌
for _ in range(100):
    sb.minimize(matrix, agents=1)

GPU computation

This parallelization of the algorithm can also be utilized by performing calculations on GPUs to speed them up significantly. To do this, simply specify the calculation device argument to cuda when instantiating an Ising model:

sb.minimize(matrix, device='cuda')

Early stopping

The Simulated Bifurcation algorithm stops after a certain number of iterations, defined by the parameter max_steps of the minimize and maximize functions. However, this implementation comes with the possibility to perform early stopping and save computation time by defining convergence conditions.

At regular intervals, the energy of the agents is sampled and compared with its previous value to calculate their stability period. If an agent's stability period exceeds a convergence threshold, it is considered to have converged and its value is frozen. If all agents converge before the maximum number of iterations has been reached, the algorithm stops.

• The sampling period and the convergence threshold are respectively set using the sampling_period and convergence_threshold parameters of the minimize and maximize functions.
• To use early stopping in the SB algorithm, set the early_stopping parameter to True.
• If only some agents have converged when the maximum number of iterations is reached, the algorithm stops and only these agents are considered in the results.

# Stop with maximal iterations
sb.minimize(matrix, max_steps=10000)

# Early stopping
sb.minimize(
    matrix,
    sampling_period=30,
    convergence_threshold=50,
    early_stopping=True,
)

Optimization results

By default, SB returns the best vector and objective value found. However, it is also possible to configure it to so it returns all the vectors for each agent with the associated objective value. To do so, the best_only parameter of the minimize and maximize functions must be set to False (default is True).

best_vector, best_value = sb.minimize(matrix, best_only=True)
vectors, values = sb.maximize(matrix, best_only=False)

🚀 Advanced usages

This section deals with a more complex use of the SB algorithm, as it is closer to the quantum theory from which it is derived. To better understand the significance of the subjects at stake, we recommend reading the theory behind the SB algorithm by Goto et al..

• Goto, H., Tatsumura, K., & Dixon, A. R. (2019). Combinatorial optimization by simulating adiabatic bifurcations in nonlinear Hamiltonian systems. Science advances, 5(4), eaav2372.
• Kanao, T., & Goto, H. (2022). Simulated bifurcation assisted by thermal fluctuation. Communications Physics, 5(1), 153.
• Goto, H., Endo, K., Suzuki, M., Sakai, Y., Kanao, T., Hamakawa, Y., ... & Tatsumura, K. (2021). High-performance combinatorial optimization based on classical mechanics. Science Advances, 7(6), eabe7953.

SB Algorithm modes

The SB algorithm is available in four different versions (Goto et al.) that result in small variations in the algorithm general operation. The four modes are:

1. Ballistic SB (bSB): uses the particles' position for the SB matrix computations; usually faster but less accurate.
2. Discrete SB (dSB): uses the sign of the particles' position for the SB matrix computations; usually slower but more accurate.
3. Heated ballistic SB (HbSB): uses the bSB algorithm with a supplementary non-symplectic term to allow a higher solution space exploration.
4. Heated discrete SB (HdSB): uses the dSB algorithm with a supplementary non-symplectic term to allow a higher solution space exploration.

These modes can be selected setting the parameters mode to either "ballistic" or "discrete" and heated to either True or False in the minimize/maximize functions.

sb.minimize(matrix, mode="ballistic", heated=False)  # bSB
sb.minimize(matrix, mode="discrete", heated=True)  # HdSB

sb.maximize(matrix, mode="discrete", heated=False)  # dSB
sb.maximize(matrix, mode="ballistic", heated=True)  # HbSB

SB Algorithm's hyperparameters setting

The SB algorithm has a set of hyperparameters corresponding to physical constants derived from quantum theory, which have been fine-tuned (Goto et al.) to give the best results most of the time. Nevertheless, the relevance of specific hyperparameters may vary depending on the properties of the instances. For this purpose, the set_env function can be used to modify their value.

# Custom hyperparameters values
sb.set_env(time_step=.1, pressure_slope=.01, heat_coefficient=.06)

# Default hyperparameters values
sb.reset_env()

Derived optimization models

A lot of mathematical problems (QUBO, Travelling Salesman Problem, MAXCUT, ...) can be written as quadratic models, and thus can be solved using the Simulated Bifurcation algorithm. Some of them are already implemented in the models module:

🔬 Physics

• Ising model

📐 Mathematics

• Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO)
• Number partitioning

💸 Finance

• Markowitz model

Custom models

You are also free to create your own models using our API. Depending on the type of model you wish to implement, you can create a subclass of the ABCModel class to quickly and efficiently link your custom model to an Ising problem and solve it using the SB algorithm. Such a model must have a domain class attribute that set the definition domain of all the instances.

For instance, here is how the QUBO model was implemented:

The QUBO problem consists, given an upper triangular matrix $Q$, in finding the binary vector that minimizes the value $$\sum_{i=1}^{N} \sum_{j=1}^{N} Q_{ij}x_{i}x_{j}$$

from simulated_bifurcation.models import ABCModel


class QUBO(ABCModel):

    domain = "binary"

    def __init__(
        self,
        Q: Union[torch.Tensor, np.ndarray],
        dtype: Optional[torch.dtype] = None,
        device: Optional[Union[str, torch.device]] = None,
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__(Q, dtype=dtype, device=device)
        self.Q = self[2]

You can check Andrew Lucas' paper on Ising formulations of NP-complete and NP-hard problems, including all of Karp's 21 NP-complete problems.

🔎 Lucas, A. (2014). Ising formulations of many NP problems. Frontiers in physics, 2, 5.

🔗 Cite this work

If you are using this code for your own projects please cite our work:

@software{Ageron_Simulated_Bifurcation_SB_2023,
    author = {Ageron, Romain and Bouquet, Thomas and Pugliese, Lorenzo},
    month = apr,
    title = {{Simulated Bifurcation (SB) algorithm for Python}},
    url = {https://github.com/bqth29/simulated-bifurcation-algorithm},
    version = {2.0.0},
    year = {2025},
}