A high-performance Python library for solving the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) using novel heuristic approaches. Features advanced algorithms that outperform classical methods by ~25% on real-world clustered data while maintaining practical computational efficiency.
Project description
Smart TSP Solver v1.0.1
A high-performance Python library for solving the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) using novel heuristic approaches. Features advanced algorithms that outperform classical methods by 25% on real-world clustered data while maintaining practical computational efficiency.
⚠️ Disclaimer
By using this software, you agree to the full disclaimer terms.
Summary: Software provided "AS IS" without warranty. You assume all risks.
Full legal disclaimer: See DISCLAIMER.md
Research-driven design: This library implements cutting-edge spatial optimization techniques including dynamic gravitational attraction modeling and angular-radial spatial indexing for intelligent pathfinding.
Features
- Dynamic Gravity Algorithms: Physics-inspired approach simulating momentum and gravitational attraction for natural, efficient routing
- Angular-Radial Methods: Space-partitioning heuristics with adaptive look-ahead for superior performance on geographical data
- Benchmarking Framework: Professional-grade testing infrastructure with configurable scenarios and detailed metrics
- High-Performance Core: Numba JIT compilation with cache optimization for near-native execution speed
Scientific Foundation
Algorithmic Innovations
Library implements two advanced heuristic approaches, each tackling the classic speed-quality trade-off in a unique way.
Dynamic Gravity Approach
Complexity: O(n²)
Concept: This algorithm models a physical process of attraction, where the next point is selected based on a combination of proximity and current direction of movement. The delta parameter acts as an "inertia coefficient," preventing sharp turns and creating smooth, natural-looking routes.
| Strengths | Ideal Use Case |
|---|---|
| • Predictable execution time • Consistently high solution quality • Efficient cluster traversal |
The balance of speed and quality, processing medium-sized datasets |
Angular-Radial Method
Complexity: O(n²) with near O(n·log n) practical performance
Concept: A "smart look-ahead" strategy (look_ahead). Points are pre-sorted in a polar coordinate system, which drastically narrows the search space for each subsequent choice. This is equivalent to a navigator scanning the nearest sector on the horizon instead of re-examining the entire map every time.
| Strengths | Ideal Use Case |
|---|---|
| • Best-in-class final route quality • Near-linear practical performance • Exceptional efficiency on clustered data |
Offline calculations where route length is critical and tasks require scaling |
Hierarchical TSP Solver
A traveling salesman problem (TSP) solver using hierarchical decomposition and metaheuristics.
Algorithm Overview
Core Philosophy: Divide-and-Conquer with Geometric Intelligence
The solver employs a multi-level hierarchical approach that mirrors human problem-solving strategies for large-scale routing:
- Spatial Decomposition: Recursively partition the problem into manageable clusters
- Local Optimization: Solve subproblems optimally within each cluster
- Global Integration: Intelligently combine local solutions into a global route
- Refinement: Apply local search to polish the final solution
Performance Comparison
| Algorithm | Complexity | Quality | Speed | Primary Use Case |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greedy v2 | O(n²) |
███░░ | █████ | Real-time, microseconds |
| Dynamic-gravity v2 | O(n²) |
█████ | ████░ | Balanced, milliseconds |
| Angular-radial v2 | O(n²)* |
█████ | ███░░ | Quality, offline |
Practical performance approaches O(n·log n) due to spatial heuristics. *Worst-case complexity. Practical performance is near O(n·log n) due to spatial heuristics
Benchmarking Methodology
All algorithms are compared against a highly optimized greedy implementation featuring:
- Numba JIT compilation with
fastmathand caching - Euclidean distance optimization with squared distance comparisons
- Memory-efficient visited node tracking
- Reproducible results through seed-based initialization
This ensures fair comparison against a professionally implemented baseline rather than naive reference implementations.
Installation
Install
pip install smart-tsp-solver
Example
Launch using Smart TSP Benchmark
pip install smart-tsp-benchmark
from smart_tsp_benchmark.tsp_benchmark import TSPBenchmark, AlgorithmConfig
from smart_tsp_solver import hierarchical_tsp_solver_v2
from smart_tsp_solver.algorithms.angular_radial.v1 import angular_radial_tsp_v1
from smart_tsp_solver.algorithms.angular_radial.v2 import angular_radial_tsp_v2
from smart_tsp_solver.algorithms.dynamic_gravity.v1 import dynamic_gravity_tsp_v1
from smart_tsp_solver.algorithms.dynamic_gravity.v2 import dynamic_gravity_tsp_v2
from smart_tsp_solver.algorithms.other.greedy.v2 import greedy_tsp_v2
def main():
config = {
'n_points': 1000,
'seed': 123,
'point_generation': 'cluster',
'use_post_optimization': False,
'plot_results': True,
'verbose': True
}
benchmark = TSPBenchmark(config=config)
benchmark.add_algorithm(
name='Angular-radial v1',
config=AlgorithmConfig(
function=angular_radial_tsp_v1,
params={
"sort_by": "angle_distance",
"look_ahead": 100,
"max_2opt_iter": 100
},
post_optimize=True,
description="Angular-radial v1",
is_class=False
)
)
benchmark.add_algorithm(
name='Angular-radial v2',
config=AlgorithmConfig(
function=angular_radial_tsp_v2,
params={
"sort_by": "angle_distance",
"look_ahead": 100,
"max_2opt_iter": 100
},
post_optimize=True,
description="Angular-radial v2",
is_class=False
)
)
benchmark.add_algorithm(
name='Dynamic-gravity v1',
config=AlgorithmConfig(
function=dynamic_gravity_tsp_v1,
params={
"delta": 0.5,
"fast_2opt_iter": 100
},
post_optimize=True,
description="Dynamic-gravity v1",
is_class=False
)
)
benchmark.add_algorithm(
name='Dynamic-gravity v2',
config=AlgorithmConfig(
function=dynamic_gravity_tsp_v2,
params={
"delta": 0.5,
"fast_2opt_iter": 100
},
post_optimize=True,
description="Dynamic-gravity v2",
is_class=False
)
)
benchmark.add_algorithm(
name='Greedy v2',
config=AlgorithmConfig(
function=greedy_tsp_v2,
params={},
post_optimize=False,
description="Classic greedy TSP algorithm",
is_class=False,
)
)
benchmark.add_algorithm(
name='Hierarchical TSP',
config=AlgorithmConfig(
function=hierarchical_tsp_solver_v2,
params={
"cluster_size": 100,
"post_optimize": True
},
post_optimize=False,
description="Hierarchical clustering TSP solver",
is_class=False
)
)
benchmark.run_benchmark()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
Example
git clone https://github.com/smartlegionlab/smart-tsp-solver.git
cd smart-tsp-solver
python -m venv venv
source venv/bin/activate
pip install -r requirements.txt
python main.py
Comprehensive Performance Analysis
Experimental Results
Smart TSP Algorithms Benchmark Report
Our comprehensive benchmarking reveals a clear performance-quality tradeoff across different problem scales, highlighting the strengths of each algorithm.
Dataset: 100 Points (Random Distribution)
Key Insight: For small-scale problems, the Dynamic-gravity v2 algorithm demonstrates the best balance, achieving near-optimal path quality while maintaining near-real-time performance.
| Algorithm | Time (s) | Δ vs Best | Route Length | Δ vs Best | Parameters |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greedy v2 | 0.0015 | BASELINE | 1026.37 | +20.66% | start_point=0 |
| Dynamic-gravity v1 | 0.0071 | +367% | 850.86 | +0.03% | delta=0.5 |
| Dynamic-gravity v2 | 0.0071 | +367% | 856.14 | +0.65% | delta=0.5 |
| Angular-radial v2 | 0.0086 | +469% | 850.62 | BASELINE | look_ahead=100 |
| Angular-radial v1 | 0.0812 | +5243% | 850.62 | BASELINE | look_ahead=100 |
Dataset: 1001 Points (Large Random Distribution)
Key Insight: For large-scale problems, Angular-radial v2 becomes the undisputed leader in solution quality (providing a 17.3% shorter route than the Greedy algorithm). Its acceptable processing time makes it ideal for quality-sensitive offline applications.
| Algorithm | Time (s) | Δ vs Best | Route Length | Δ vs Best | Parameters |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greedy v2 | 0.0023 | BASELINE | 2985.82 | +17.31% | start_point=0 |
| Dynamic-gravity v2 | 0.0186 | +696% | 2726.36 | +7.12% | delta=0.5 |
| Dynamic-gravity v1 | 0.0321 | +1269% | 2837.78 | +11.50% | delta=0.5 |
| Angular-radial v2 | 0.1346 | +5647% | 2545.21 | BASELINE | look_ahead=1001 |
| Angular-radial v1 | 0.2555 | +10809% | 2545.21 | BASELINE | look_ahead=1001 |
Key Insights & Analysis
-
Algorithm Evolution (v1 vs. v2):
- Angular-radial v2 shows a ~2x speedup over v1 while delivering identical, best-in-class route quality.
- Dynamic-gravity v2 also demonstrates a significant speed improvement (nearly 2x on 1001 points) over v1, maintaining consistently high solution quality with better stability.
-
Algorithm Characteristics:
- Greedy v2: Extremely fast (
O(n²)), ideal for real-time applications, but sacrifices solution quality (+17-20% longer routes). - Dynamic-gravity: Offers significantly better quality than the greedy approach. It has
O(n²)complexity with higher constant factors, making it the optimal choice for medium-sized problems where a balance between speed and quality is required. - Angular-radial: The quality leader. Its use of spatial partitioning (
O(n log n)) allows it to scale best on large datasets. It is the recommended choice for offline processing where final route cost is the primary concern.
- Greedy v2: Extremely fast (
-
Practical Recommendations: The library provides a continuum of solutions for different use cases:
- Microsecond Response: Greedy v2 for interactive and real-time systems.
- Millisecond Response: Dynamic-gravity v2 for balanced needs and medium-scale problems.
- Best Quality: Angular-radial v2 for final calculations and offline processing where route cost is paramount.
Advanced Visualization
Visual analysis showing Angular-radial's optimal sector-based routing, Dynamic-gravity's smooth trajectories, Greedy's suboptimal clustering
Architecture & Implementation
Performance Optimization
- Numba JIT Compilation: Critical paths compiled to native code
- Memory Efficiency: Pre-allocated arrays and minimal copying
- Cache Optimization: Intelligent memoization and reuse
- Vectorized Operations: NumPy-based efficient computations
Author
Alexander Suvorov
- Researcher specializing in computational optimization and high-performance algorithms
- Focused on bridging theoretical computer science with practical engineering applications
- This project represents extensive research into spatial optimization techniques
Explore other projects on GitHub.
Related Research
For those interested in the theoretical foundations:
- Exact TSP Solutions (TSP ORACLE): exact-tsp-solver - Optimal solutions for small instances
- Smart TSP Benchmark - Smart TSP Benchmark is a professional algorithm testing infrastructure with customizable scenarios and detailed metrics.
- Spatial Optimization: Computational geometry approaches for large-scale problems
- Heuristic Analysis: Comparative study of modern TSP approaches
License
BSD 3-Clause License: LICENSE
Copyright (©) 2026, Alexander Suvorov
Sample Output
==================================================
SMART TSP ALGORITHMS BENCHMARK
==================================================
Points: 100
Seed: 123
Generation: cluster
Post-opt: OFF
Algorithms:
- Angular-radial v1:
- Angular-radial v2:
- Dynamic-gravity v1:
- Dynamic-gravity v2:
- Greedy v2:
- Hierarchical TSP:
==================================================
==================================================
Running Angular-radial v1 algorithm...
Description: Angular-radial v1
Completed in 0.0848 seconds
Route length: 553.66
==================================================
==================================================
Running Angular-radial v2 algorithm...
Description: Angular-radial v2
Completed in 0.0082 seconds
Route length: 553.66
==================================================
==================================================
Running Dynamic-gravity v1 algorithm...
Description: Dynamic-gravity v1
Completed in 0.0070 seconds
Route length: 567.00
==================================================
==================================================
Running Dynamic-gravity v2 algorithm...
Description: Dynamic-gravity v2
Completed in 0.0067 seconds
Route length: 534.90
==================================================
==================================================
Running Greedy v2 algorithm...
Description: Classic greedy TSP algorithm
Completed in 0.0016 seconds
Route length: 609.21
==================================================
==================================================
Running Hierarchical TSP algorithm...
Description: Hierarchical clustering TSP solver
Completed in 0.0343 seconds
Route length: 524.25
==================================================
============================================================================================================================
DETAILED ALGORITHM COMPARISON
============================================================================================================================
Algorithm | Time (s) | vs Best | Length | vs Best | Params
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Greedy v2 | 0.0016 | BEST | 609.21 | +16.21% |
Dynamic-gravity v2 | 0.0067 | +332.71% | 534.90 | +2.03% | delta=0.5, fast_2opt_iter=100
Dynamic-gravity v1 | 0.0070 | +349.52% | 567.00 | +8.15% | delta=0.5, fast_2opt_iter=100
Angular-radial v2 | 0.0082 | +430.93% | 553.66 | +5.61% | sort_by=angle_distance, look_ahead=100, max_2opt_iter=100
Hierarchical TSP | 0.0343 | +2110.90% | 524.25 | BEST | cluster_size=100, post_optimize=True
Angular-radial v1 | 0.0848 | +5361.28% | 553.66 | +5.61% | sort_by=angle_distance, look_ahead=100, max_2opt_iter=100
============================================================================================================================
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS:
- Fastest algorithm(s): Greedy v2 (0.0016 sec)
- Shortest route(s): Hierarchical TSP (524.25 units)
==================================================
SMART TSP ALGORITHMS BENCHMARK
==================================================
Points: 50
Seed: 123
Generation: random
Post-opt: OFF
Algorithms:
- Angular-radial v1:
- Angular-radial v2:
- Dynamic-gravity v1:
- Dynamic-gravity v2:
- Greedy v2:
==================================================
==================================================
Running Angular-radial v1 algorithm...
Description: Angular-radial v1
Parameters:
Completed in 0.0798 seconds
Route length: 658.16
==================================================
==================================================
Running Angular-radial v2 algorithm...
Description: Angular-radial v2
Parameters:
Completed in 0.0082 seconds
Route length: 658.16
==================================================
==================================================
Running Dynamic-gravity v1 algorithm...
Description: Dynamic-gravity v1
Parameters:
Completed in 0.0067 seconds
Route length: 582.13
==================================================
==================================================
Running Dynamic-gravity v2 algorithm...
Description: Dynamic-gravity v2
Parameters:
Completed in 0.0065 seconds
Route length: 577.06
==================================================
==================================================
Running Greedy v2 algorithm...
Description: Classic greedy TSP algorithm
Parameters:
Completed in 0.0016 seconds
Route length: 720.50
==================================================
============================================================================================================================
DETAILED ALGORITHM COMPARISON
============================================================================================================================
Algorithm | Time (s) | vs Best | Length | vs Best | Params
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Greedy v2 | 0.0016 | BEST | 720.50 | +24.86% |
Dynamic-gravity v2 | 0.0065 | +321.25% | 577.06 | BEST | delta=0.5, fast_2opt_iter=100
Dynamic-gravity v1 | 0.0067 | +328.66% | 582.13 | +0.88% | delta=0.5, fast_2opt_iter=100
Angular-radial v2 | 0.0082 | +426.35% | 658.16 | +14.05% | sort_by=angle_distance, look_ahead=100, max_2opt_iter=100
Angular-radial v1 | 0.0798 | +5035.05% | 658.16 | +14.05% | sort_by=angle_distance, look_ahead=100, max_2opt_iter=100
============================================================================================================================
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS:
- Fastest algorithm(s): Greedy v2 (0.0016 sec)
- Shortest route(s): Dynamic-gravity v2 (577.06 units)
==================================================
SMART TSP ALGORITHMS BENCHMARK
==================================================
Points: 50
Seed: 123
Generation: cluster
Post-opt: OFF
Algorithms:
- Angular-radial v1:
- Angular-radial v2:
- Dynamic-gravity v1:
- Dynamic-gravity v2:
- Greedy v2:
==================================================
==================================================
Running Angular-radial v1 algorithm...
Description: Angular-radial v1
Parameters:
Completed in 0.0798 seconds
Route length: 519.29
==================================================
==================================================
Running Angular-radial v2 algorithm...
Description: Angular-radial v2
Parameters:
Completed in 0.0081 seconds
Route length: 519.29
==================================================
==================================================
Running Dynamic-gravity v1 algorithm...
Description: Dynamic-gravity v1
Parameters:
Completed in 0.0066 seconds
Route length: 495.87
==================================================
==================================================
Running Dynamic-gravity v2 algorithm...
Description: Dynamic-gravity v2
Parameters:
Completed in 0.0066 seconds
Route length: 495.87
==================================================
==================================================
Running Greedy v2 algorithm...
Description: Classic greedy TSP algorithm
Parameters:
Completed in 0.0015 seconds
Route length: 621.53
==================================================
============================================================================================================================
DETAILED ALGORITHM COMPARISON
============================================================================================================================
Algorithm | Time (s) | vs Best | Length | vs Best | Params
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Greedy v2 | 0.0015 | BEST | 621.53 | +25.34% |
Dynamic-gravity v2 | 0.0066 | +331.67% | 495.87 | BEST | delta=0.5, fast_2opt_iter=100
Dynamic-gravity v1 | 0.0066 | +333.80% | 495.87 | BEST | delta=0.5, fast_2opt_iter=100
Angular-radial v2 | 0.0081 | +431.08% | 519.29 | +4.72% | sort_by=angle_distance, look_ahead=100, max_2opt_iter=100
Angular-radial v1 | 0.0798 | +5150.37% | 519.29 | +4.72% | sort_by=angle_distance, look_ahead=100, max_2opt_iter=100
============================================================================================================================
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS:
- Fastest algorithm(s): Greedy v2 (0.0015 sec)
- Shortest route(s): Dynamic-gravity v1, Dynamic-gravity v2 (495.87 units)
==================================================
SMART TSP ALGORITHMS BENCHMARK
==================================================
Points: 100
Seed: 123
Generation: random
Post-opt: OFF
Algorithms:
- Angular-radial v1:
- Angular-radial v2:
- Dynamic-gravity v1:
- Dynamic-gravity v2:
- Greedy v2:
==================================================
==================================================
Running Angular-radial v1 algorithm...
Description: Angular-radial v1
Parameters:
Completed in 0.0812 seconds
Route length: 850.62
==================================================
==================================================
Running Angular-radial v2 algorithm...
Description: Angular-radial v2
Parameters:
Completed in 0.0086 seconds
Route length: 850.62
==================================================
==================================================
Running Dynamic-gravity v1 algorithm...
Description: Dynamic-gravity v1
Parameters:
Completed in 0.0071 seconds
Route length: 850.86
==================================================
==================================================
Running Dynamic-gravity v2 algorithm...
Description: Dynamic-gravity v2
Parameters:
Completed in 0.0071 seconds
Route length: 856.14
==================================================
==================================================
Running Greedy v2 algorithm...
Description: Classic greedy TSP algorithm
Parameters:
Completed in 0.0015 seconds
Route length: 1026.37
==================================================
=============================================================================================================================
DETAILED ALGORITHM COMPARISON
=============================================================================================================================
Algorithm | Time (s) | vs Best | Length | vs Best | Params
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Greedy v2 | 0.0015 | BEST | 1026.37 | +20.66% |
Dynamic-gravity v1 | 0.0071 | +367.32% | 850.86 | +0.03% | delta=0.5, fast_2opt_iter=100
Dynamic-gravity v2 | 0.0071 | +367.38% | 856.14 | +0.65% | delta=0.5, fast_2opt_iter=100
Angular-radial v2 | 0.0086 | +468.54% | 850.62 | BEST | sort_by=angle_distance, look_ahead=100, max_2opt_iter=100
Angular-radial v1 | 0.0812 | +5243.04% | 850.62 | BEST | sort_by=angle_distance, look_ahead=100, max_2opt_iter=100
=============================================================================================================================
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS:
- Fastest algorithm(s): Greedy v2 (0.0015 sec)
- Shortest route(s): Angular-radial v1, Angular-radial v2 (850.62 units)
==================================================
SMART TSP ALGORITHMS BENCHMARK
==================================================
Points: 1001
Seed: 123
Generation: random
Post-opt: OFF
Algorithms:
- Angular-radial v1:
- Angular-radial v2:
- Dynamic-gravity v1:
- Dynamic-gravity v2:
- Greedy v2:
==================================================
==================================================
Running Angular-radial v1 algorithm...
Description: Angular-radial v1
Parameters:
Completed in 0.2555 seconds
Route length: 2545.21
==================================================
==================================================
Running Angular-radial v2 algorithm...
Description: Angular-radial v2
Parameters:
Completed in 0.1346 seconds
Route length: 2545.21
==================================================
==================================================
Running Dynamic-gravity v1 algorithm...
Description: Dynamic-gravity v1
Parameters:
Completed in 0.0321 seconds
Route length: 2837.78
==================================================
==================================================
Running Dynamic-gravity v2 algorithm...
Description: Dynamic-gravity v2
Parameters:
Completed in 0.0186 seconds
Route length: 2726.36
==================================================
==================================================
Running Greedy v2 algorithm...
Description: Classic greedy TSP algorithm
Parameters:
Completed in 0.0023 seconds
Route length: 2985.82
==================================================
================================================================================================================================
DETAILED ALGORITHM COMPARISON
================================================================================================================================
Algorithm | Time (s) | vs Best | Length | vs Best | Params
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Greedy v2 | 0.0023 | BEST | 2985.82 | +17.31% |
Dynamic-gravity v2 | 0.0186 | +695.63% | 2726.36 | +7.12% | delta=0.5, fast_2opt_iter=1001
Dynamic-gravity v1 | 0.0321 | +1269.12% | 2837.78 | +11.50% | delta=0.5, fast_2opt_iter=1001
Angular-radial v2 | 0.1346 | +5646.96% | 2545.21 | BEST | sort_by=angle_distance, look_ahead=1001, max_2opt_iter=1001
Angular-radial v1 | 0.2555 | +10808.60% | 2545.21 | BEST | sort_by=angle_distance, look_ahead=1001, max_2opt_iter=1001
================================================================================================================================
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS:
- Fastest algorithm(s): Greedy v2 (0.0023 sec)
- Shortest route(s): Angular-radial v1, Angular-radial v2 (2545.21 units)
Disclaimer: Performance results shown are for clustered/random distributions. Results may vary based on spatial characteristics. Always evaluate algorithms on your specific problem domains.
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