statespace

Linear Gaussian state space models, following Part I of Durbin and Koopman, Time Series Analysis by State Space Methods (2nd ed., 2012). The core is a Fortran library; ssfortran is its Python package.

• Filtering and smoothing:
  • the Kalman filter with a steady-state shortcut
  • exact diffuse initialization, in both univariate and multivariate forms
  • univariate treatment, including correlated and time-varying H
  • state, disturbance, fast, classical, two-filter, fixed-point and fixed-lag smoothers
  • augmented and square-root filters
  • collapsing large observation vectors, and linear restrictions
• Likelihood and estimation:
  • exact, diffuse, concentrated and marginal log likelihoods
  • maximum likelihood with L-BFGS-B, using DK's analytic score where it applies and numerical derivatives elsewhere
  • EM for variance parameters
  • standard errors, and the effect of parameter estimation on the smoothed states
• Simulation, forecasting and diagnostics: simulation smoothers, forecasts, standardized and auxiliary residuals, and residual tests.
• Built-in models (DK ch. 3): irregular, level, trend, seasonal (dummy, trigonometric, Harrison–Stevens), cycle, regression and intervention effects, ARIMA, continuous-time components and splines. Components apply to one series or several (SUTSE), and can load on common signals.

The documentation (user guide, examples, design notes, and Python, Fortran and C references) builds with make -C docs html; see docs/install.rst. The illustrations of DK chapter 8 are reproduced in example/. Differences from statsmodels' tsa.statespace are listed in docs/statsmodels_differences.md.

Fortran

The library builds with fpm and needs gfortran, LAPACK and BLAS.

fpm test --profile release                              # the test suite
fpm run --profile release --example nile_mle            # a model defined in Fortran
fpm run --profile release --example dk_8_2_seatbelt     # needs data/fetch_dk_data.py first

Models are defined by extending ssm_model_t (see example/nile_mle.f90), or assembled from components with structural_model (see example/dk_8_2_seatbelt.f90). fit_many fits independent models in parallel when built with --flag -fopenmp --link-flag -fopenmp.

Python

pip install ssfortran
# or
uv add ssfortran           # in a uv project; or: uv pip install ssfortran

Wheels for Linux (x86_64 and aarch64, glibc 2.28 or later) include the compiled library, gfortran's runtime and OpenBLAS, so they need no compiler. On other platforms pip and uv build from the source distribution, which needs gfortran, LAPACK and BLAS. The package needs Python 3.10 or later and numpy.

import numpy as np
import ssfortran as ss

y = np.loadtxt("data/nile.csv", delimiter=",", skiprows=1)[:, 1]  # from this repository

# Built-in components
mod = ss.StructuralModel(y, [ss.Irregular(), ss.Level()])
res = mod.fit()
print(res.summary())
smoothed = res.smooth().smoothed_state

# Matrix-level: fill the system matrices yourself
rep = ss.Representation(y, k_states=1)
rep["design"] = [[1.0]]
rep["transition"] = [[1.0]]
rep["selection"] = [[1.0]]
rep["obs_cov"] = [[15099.0]]
rep["state_cov"] = [[1469.1]]
rep.initialize_diffuse()
print(rep.loglike())

Fitting results have summary() (estimates with z-tests and intervals, fit statistics, residual tests), fittedvalues, resid, get_forecast(steps) with conf_int(), components() and estimation_bias(). A Representation also offers:

• the other smoothers of DK ch. 4: fast, classical, two-filter, Whittle, fixed-point, fixed-lag and updating
• smoothed covariances between periods, and filtering and smoothing weights
• the square-root and augmented filters (with the marginal likelihood)
• EM, collapsing, and linear state restrictions
• auxiliary residuals, de Jong–Penzer statistics, least squares residuals and R²_D
• the mean-correction and de Jong–Shephard simulation smoothers

A model with parameters can be defined in three ways:

For the timing comparison with statsmodels from Python, run bench/bench_python.py. It shows 2–8× speedups for single models, and 36× for 1000 series with fit_many. example/bench.f90 and bench/bench_statsmodels.py compare the Fortran core directly.

To install from a clone, pip install . (or uv pip install .). To develop without installing:

cmake -S . -B build/cmake -G Ninja && cmake --build build/cmake
pytest            # uses python/src and build/cmake (pyproject.toml)

Code is formatted to 88 columns. ruff format and ruff check cover the Python (settings in pyproject.toml); Fortitude's fortitude check covers the Fortran (settings in fpm.toml), whose long lines are wrapped by hand.

License

MIT (see LICENSE); third-party notices are in THIRD_PARTY_NOTICES.md, and citations in docs/references.md.