strongbus 0.3.0

A type-safe event bus library for Python that provides reliable publish-subscribe messaging with automatic memory management, full type safety, and global event subscriptions for cross-cutting concerns like logging.

StrongBus

A type-safe event bus library for Python that provides reliable publish-subscribe messaging with automatic memory management, full type safety, and global event subscriptions for cross-cutting concerns like logging.

Features

• Type Safety: Full type checking with generics ensures callbacks receive the correct event types
• Memory Management: Automatic cleanup of dead references using weak references for methods
• Subscription Management: Easy subscription tracking and bulk cleanup via the Enrollment pattern
• Global Subscriptions: Subscribe to all events for cross-cutting concerns like logging and monitoring
• Event Isolation: Events don't propagate to parent/child types - each event type is handled independently
• Zero Dependencies: Pure Python implementation with no external dependencies

Installation

pip install strongbus

For development (uses uv):

uv sync --extra dev

Quick Start

from dataclasses import dataclass
from strongbus import Event, EventBus, Enrollment

# Define your events
@dataclass(frozen=True)
class UserLoginEvent(Event):
    username: str

# Create subscribers using Enrollment
class NotificationService(Enrollment):
    def __init__(self, event_bus: EventBus):
        super().__init__(event_bus)
        self.subscribe(UserLoginEvent, self.on_user_login)
    
    def on_user_login(self, event: UserLoginEvent) -> None:
        print(f"Welcome {event.username}!")

# Usage
event_bus = EventBus()
service = NotificationService(event_bus)
event_bus.publish(UserLoginEvent(username="Alice"))
# Output: Welcome Alice!

# Cleanup
service.clear()  # Automatically unsubscribes from all events

Core Concepts

Events

Events are simple data classes that inherit from the Event base class:

@dataclass(frozen=True)
class OrderCreatedEvent(Event):
    order_id: str
    customer_id: str
    total: float

EventBus

The central hub for publishing and subscribing to events:

event_bus = EventBus()

# Subscribe to events
event_bus.subscribe(OrderCreatedEvent, handle_order)

# Publish events
event_bus.publish(OrderCreatedEvent(
    order_id="12345",
    customer_id="user123", 
    total=99.99
))

Subscriptions have set semantics: a callback is either subscribed to an event type or it isn't. Subscribing the same callback again is a no-op, and unsubscribe removes it entirely. Callbacks are matched by identity (bound methods by the instance and function they wrap), never by ==, so two distinct handlers that happen to compare equal are still two subscriptions.

Identity matching means subscribers can't be kept in a hash-based set, so subscribe and unsubscribe scan the event type's subscriber list linearly. With the typical handful of subscribers per event type this is negligible — but if you register thousands of subscribers for a single event type, expect those operations (not publish, which is linear in subscriber count anyway) to scale accordingly.

Set semantics apply at the bus level, not per Enrollment: if a callback is already subscribed to an event type — directly on the bus or through another Enrollment — subscribing it again through an Enrollment is a no-op that does not take ownership. A subscription is removed only by whoever created it: an Enrollment's unsubscribe/clear only touch subscriptions made through that Enrollment (EventBus.subscribe returns True when it actually added the subscription). Give each Enrollment its own callback (typically its own bound methods) to keep their lifecycles independent.

Enrollment

A base class that simplifies subscription management:

class OrderProcessor(Enrollment):
    def __init__(self, event_bus: EventBus):
        super().__init__(event_bus)
        self.subscribe(OrderCreatedEvent, self.process_order)
        self.subscribe(PaymentReceivedEvent, self.confirm_payment)
    
    def process_order(self, event: OrderCreatedEvent) -> None:
        # Handle order processing
        pass
    
    def confirm_payment(self, event: PaymentReceivedEvent) -> None:
        # Handle payment confirmation
        pass

Global Event Subscriptions

StrongBus supports global event subscriptions for services that need to receive all events, such as logging or monitoring services:

class LoggerService(Enrollment):
    """Example service that logs all events using global subscription."""
    
    def __init__(self, event_bus: EventBus):
        super().__init__(event_bus)
        self.subscribe_global(self._log_event)
    
    def _log_event(self, event: Event) -> None:
        """Log any event that occurs."""
        event_type = type(event).__name__
        print(f"[LOG] {event_type}: {event}")

# Usage
event_bus = EventBus()
logger = LoggerService(event_bus)

# Create other services
notification_service = NotificationService(event_bus)

# All events will be logged automatically
event_bus.publish(UserLoginEvent(username="Alice"))
# Output: 
# [LOG] UserLoginEvent: UserLoginEvent(username='Alice')
# Welcome Alice!

event_bus.publish(OrderCreatedEvent(order_id="123", customer_id="user1", total=99.99))
# Output:
# [LOG] OrderCreatedEvent: OrderCreatedEvent(order_id='123', customer_id='user1', total=99.99)

Global subscriptions can be managed just like regular subscriptions:

# Unsubscribe from global events
logger.unsubscribe_global(logger._log_event)

# Or clear all subscriptions (including global ones)
logger.clear()

Memory Management

StrongBus automatically manages memory to prevent leaks:

• Method callbacks use weak references and are automatically cleaned up when the object is garbage collected
• Function callbacks use strong references and persist until explicitly unsubscribed
• Enrollment pattern provides easy bulk cleanup with clear(); its tracking follows the same rule (bound methods are tracked weakly), so an Enrollment never keeps a subscriber object alive just by tracking it

Warning: Only bound methods are held weakly. Lambdas, functools.partial objects, and callable instances count as functions and are held strongly — a lambda that captures self keeps that object alive until you unsubscribe it. Subscribe bound methods when you want automatic cleanup.

Error Handling

A subscriber that raises does not affect delivery to other subscribers: every subscriber (including global ones) is notified first, and only then does the publisher see the failure.

• If exactly one callback raised, its original exception is re-raised unchanged, so existing except SomeError: handling around publish() keeps working.
• If several callbacks raised, a strongbus.PublishError (a subclass of the built-in ExceptionGroup) is raised containing all of them — it works with except* and exposes the individual exceptions via .exceptions.

from strongbus import PublishError

try:
    event_bus.publish(OrderCreatedEvent(order_id="1", customer_id="u1", total=9.99))
except PublishError as group:
    for exc in group.exceptions:
        log.error("subscriber failed", exc_info=exc)

Thread Safety

EventBus and Enrollment are thread-safe: subscribing, unsubscribing, and publishing may happen concurrently from any number of threads.

Callbacks are invoked on the thread that calls publish(), outside the bus's internal lock. This means:

• A callback may freely subscribe, unsubscribe, or publish further events without deadlocking.
• If events are published from multiple threads, your callbacks must be thread-safe themselves.
• A subscription added while a publish is in flight only receives subsequent events.
• unsubscribe() is not a delivery barrier: a publish already in flight on another thread iterates a snapshot of the subscriber list, so the callback may still be invoked once after unsubscribe() returns.

Testing

Using tox (recommended)

Install tox with uv support:

uv tool install tox --with tox-uv

Run all tests across multiple Python versions:

tox

Manual testing

Run the test suite directly:

uv run --extra dev pytest

Slightly larger example

from dataclasses import dataclass

from strongbus import Event, EventBus, Enrollment


@dataclass(frozen=True)
class UserLoginEvent(Event):
    username: str


@dataclass(frozen=True)
class UserLogoutEvent(Event):
    username: str


@dataclass(frozen=True)
class DataUpdatedEvent(Event):
    data_id: str
    new_value: str


@dataclass(frozen=True)
class TestEvent(Event):
    message: str


class PackageManager(Enrollment):
    def __init__(self, event_bus: EventBus):
        super().__init__(event_bus)
        # Type-safe subscription - callback must accept UserLoginEvent
        self.subscribe(UserLoginEvent, self.on_user_login)
        self.subscribe(DataUpdatedEvent, self.on_data_updated)

    def on_user_login(self, event: UserLoginEvent) -> None:
        # Can access event.username with full type safety
        print(f"PackageManager: User {event.username} logged in")

    def on_data_updated(self, event: DataUpdatedEvent) -> None:
        print(f"PackageManager: Data {event.data_id} updated to {event.new_value}")


class ContainerManager(Enrollment):
    def __init__(self, event_bus: EventBus):
        super().__init__(event_bus)
        self.subscribe(UserLoginEvent, self.on_user_login)
        self.subscribe(UserLogoutEvent, self.on_user_logout)

    def on_user_login(self, event: UserLoginEvent) -> None:
        print(f"ContainerManager: User {event.username} logged in")

    def on_user_logout(self, event: UserLogoutEvent) -> None:
        print(f"ContainerManager: User {event.username} logged out")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Usage
    event_bus = EventBus()
    manager0 = PackageManager(event_bus)
    manager1 = ContainerManager(event_bus)

    # Publish events - type-safe with proper event objects
    event_bus.publish(UserLoginEvent(username="Alice"))
    # Output:
    # PackageManager: User Alice logged in
    # ContainerManager: User Alice logged in

    event_bus.publish(UserLogoutEvent(username="Alice"))
    # Output:
    # ContainerManager: User Alice logged out

    event_bus.publish(DataUpdatedEvent(data_id="123", new_value="new data"))
    # Output:
    # PackageManager: Data 123 updated to new data

    # List all available event types
    print("\nAvailable event types:")
    for event_class in Event.__subclasses__():
        print(f"  - {event_class.__name__}")

    # Cleanup
    manager0.clear()
    manager1.clear()

License

MIT