tangled-pyrqlite - python client

A pure Python client for rqlite distributed SQLite clusters, providing:

DB-API 2.0 - Standard Python database API (PEP 249) — see DB_API.md
SQLAlchemy dialect - Full ORM support via SQLAlchemy 2.0 — see SQLALCHEMY.md
Parameterized queries - Safe, SQL injection-proof query execution
Serializable transaction support - Atomic batch operations using locking mechanism - bring your own distributed locking implementation using REDIS_LOCK.md or VALKEY_LOCK.md

NOTE: Documentation and instructions are being actively written and improved.

Installation

# Using uv (recommended)
uv add tangled-pyrqlite

# Using pip
pip install tangled-pyrqlite

Quick Start

Starting rqlite Server

Before using the client, start an rqlite server:

Podman (recommended - no root required):

podman rm -f rqlite-test
podman run -d --name rqlite-test -p 4001:4001 docker.io/rqlite/rqlite

Locking

rqlite's transaction model differs from traditional databases.

By default, when using the rqlite library without a lock, you will receive a UserWarning:

UserWarning: Explicit BEGIN/COMMIT/ROLLBACK/SAVEPOINT SQL is not supported.

When you provide a lock, these warnings are suppressed, indicating that you're aware of the limitations and handling transactions appropriately.

For simple locks guide (local development, not recommended in production):

threading sync lock - see LOCK.md.
asyncio async lock - see LOCK.md.

For distributed locks guide (recommended):

redis sync/async locks - see REDIS_LOCK.md
valkey sync/async locks - see VALKEY_LOCK.md

IMPORTANT: For true cross-process transaction serialization, use distributed locks backed by Redis or Valkey.

Examples

Here we will use Valkey server and its locks for cross-process transaction serialization.

Install tangled-pyrqlite with the valkey extra:

uv add tangled-pyrqlite[valkey]

Start a Valkey server:

podman rm -f valkey-test
podman run -d --name valkey-test -p 6379:6379 docker.io/valkey/valkey:latest

IMPORTANT: never use context manager locks when working with rqlite client library like with lock: ... and async with lock: .... Locks are used automatically by engine objects.

Sync DB-API 2.0 with ValkeyLock

# uv add tangled-pyrqlite[valkey]
#
# podman rm -f rqlite-test
# podman run -d --name rqlite-test -p 4001:4001 docker.io/rqlite/rqlite
#
# podman rm -f valkey-test
# podman run -d --name valkey-test -p 6379:6379 docker.io/valkey/valkey:latest

import rqlite
from rqlite import ValkeyLock

# Create a distributed lock backed by Valkey
lock = ValkeyLock(name="readme_sync", timeout=10.0)
conn = rqlite.connect(host="localhost", port=4001, lock=lock)
cursor = conn.cursor()

try:
    # 1. CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS
    cursor.execute("""
        CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS readme_products (
            id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
            name TEXT NOT NULL,
            price REAL NOT NULL,
            quantity INTEGER DEFAULT 0
        )
    """)
    conn.commit()
    print("✓ Table 'readme_products' ready")

    # 2. INSERT a product
    cursor.execute(
        "INSERT INTO readme_products (name, price, quantity) VALUES (?, ?, ?)",
        ("Widget A", 9.99, 100),
    )
    conn.commit()
    print("✓ Inserted: Widget A ($9.99, qty: 100)")

    # 3. SELECT — fetch by name
    cursor.execute(
        "SELECT name, price, quantity FROM readme_products WHERE name=?",
        ("Widget A",),
    )
    row = cursor.fetchone()
    print(f"✓ Found: {row[0]} (${row[1]:.2f}, qty: {row[2]})")

    # 4. UPDATE — adjust price and quantity
    cursor.execute(
        "SELECT price, quantity FROM readme_products WHERE name=?",
        ("Widget A",),
    )
    old_price, old_qty = cursor.fetchone()

    new_price, new_qty = 12.99, 85
    cursor.execute(
        "UPDATE readme_products SET price=?, quantity=? WHERE name=?",
        (new_price, new_qty, "Widget A"),
    )
    conn.commit()
    print(f"✓ Updated: Widget A (${old_price:.2f} → ${new_price:.2f}, qty: {old_qty} → {new_qty})")

    # 5. SELECT — verify update
    cursor.execute(
        "SELECT name, price, quantity FROM readme_products WHERE name=?",
        ("Widget A",),
    )
    row = cursor.fetchone()
    print(f"✓ Verified: {row[0]} (${row[1]:.2f}, qty: {row[2]})")

    # 6. DELETE the product
    cursor.execute("DELETE FROM readme_products WHERE name=?", ("Widget A",))
    conn.commit()
    print("✓ Deleted: Widget A")

    # 7. SELECT ALL — confirm table is empty
    cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM readme_products")
    rows = cursor.fetchall()
    print(f"✓ Table empty: {len(rows)} rows" if not rows else f"✗ Unexpected: {rows}")
finally:
    cursor.close()
    conn.close()

Async DB-API 2.0 with AioValkeyLock

# uv add tangled-pyrqlite[valkey]
#
# podman rm -f rqlite-test
# podman run -d --name rqlite-test -p 4001:4001 docker.io/rqlite/rqlite
#
# podman rm -f valkey-test
# podman run -d --name valkey-test -p 6379:6379 docker.io/valkey/valkey:latest

import asyncio
import rqlite
from rqlite import AioValkeyLock

async def main():
    # Create an async distributed lock backed by Valkey
    lock = AioValkeyLock(name="readme_async", timeout=10.0)
    conn = rqlite.async_connect(host="localhost", port=4001, lock=lock)
    cursor = await conn.cursor()

    try:
        # 1. CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS
        await cursor.execute("""
            CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS readme_products (
                id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
                name TEXT NOT NULL,
                price REAL NOT NULL,
                quantity INTEGER DEFAULT 0
            )
        """)
        await conn.commit()
        print("✓ Table 'readme_products' ready")

        # 2. INSERT a product
        await cursor.execute(
            "INSERT INTO readme_products (name, price, quantity) VALUES (?, ?, ?)",
            ("Widget A", 9.99, 100),
        )
        await conn.commit()
        print("✓ Inserted: Widget A ($9.99, qty: 100)")

        # 3. SELECT — fetch by name
        await cursor.execute(
            "SELECT name, price, quantity FROM readme_products WHERE name=?",
            ("Widget A",),
        )
        row = cursor.fetchone()
        print(f"✓ Found: {row[0]} (${row[1]:.2f}, qty: {row[2]})")

        # 4. UPDATE — adjust price and quantity
        await cursor.execute(
            "SELECT price, quantity FROM readme_products WHERE name=?",
            ("Widget A",),
        )
        old_price, old_qty = cursor.fetchone()

        new_price, new_qty = 12.99, 85
        await cursor.execute(
            "UPDATE readme_products SET price=?, quantity=? WHERE name=?",
            (new_price, new_qty, "Widget A"),
        )
        await conn.commit()
        print(f"✓ Updated: Widget A (${old_price:.2f} → ${new_price:.2f}, qty: {old_qty} → {new_qty})")

        # 5. SELECT — verify update
        await cursor.execute(
            "SELECT name, price, quantity FROM readme_products WHERE name=?",
            ("Widget A",),
        )
        row = cursor.fetchone()
        print(f"✓ Verified: {row[0]} (${row[1]:.2f}, qty: {row[2]})")

        # 6. DELETE the product
        await cursor.execute("DELETE FROM readme_products WHERE name=?", ("Widget A",))
        await conn.commit()
        print("✓ Deleted: Widget A")

        # 7. SELECT ALL — confirm table is empty
        await cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM readme_products")
        rows = cursor.fetchall()
        print(f"✓ Table empty: {len(rows)} rows" if not rows else f"✗ Unexpected: {rows}")
    finally:
        await cursor.close()
        await conn.close()

asyncio.run(main())

Sync SQLAlchemy ORM 2.0 with ValkeyLock

# uv add tangled-pyrqlite[valkey]
#
# podman rm -f rqlite-test
# podman run -d --name rqlite-test -p 4001:4001 docker.io/rqlite/rqlite
#
# podman rm -f valkey-test
# podman run -d --name valkey-test -p 6379:6379 docker.io/valkey/valkey:latest

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, text, select
from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase, Mapped, mapped_column, Session
from rqlite import ValkeyLock

# Define the ORM model
class Base(DeclarativeBase): pass

class Product(Base):
    __tablename__ = "readme_products"
    id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
    name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column()
    price: Mapped[float] = mapped_column()
    quantity: Mapped[int] = mapped_column()

# Create engine with Valkey distributed lock
lock = ValkeyLock(name="readme_sa_sync", timeout=10.0)

engine = create_engine(
    "rqlite://localhost:4001",
    connect_args={"lock": lock},
)

with Session(engine) as session:
    # 1. CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS (raw SQL — model not yet in DB)
    session.execute(text("""
        CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS readme_products (
            id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
            name TEXT NOT NULL,
            price REAL NOT NULL,
            quantity INTEGER DEFAULT 0
        )
    """))
    session.commit()
    print("✓ Table 'readme_products' ready")

    # 2. INSERT a product via ORM
    product = Product(name="Widget A", price=9.99, quantity=100)
    session.add(product)
    session.commit()
    print("✓ Inserted: Widget A ($9.99, qty: 100)")

    # 3. SELECT — fetch by name
    result = session.execute(select(Product).where(Product.name == "Widget A"))
    found = result.scalar_one_or_none()
    print(f"✓ Found: {found.name} (${found.price:.2f}, qty: {found.quantity})")

    # 4. UPDATE — adjust price and quantity
    old_price, old_qty = found.price, found.quantity
    found.price, found.quantity = 12.99, 85
    session.commit()
    print(f"✓ Updated: Widget A (${old_price:.2f} → ${found.price:.2f}, qty: {old_qty} → {found.quantity})")

    # 5. SELECT — verify update
    result = session.execute(select(Product).where(Product.name == "Widget A"))
    found = result.scalar_one_or_none()
    print(f"✓ Verified: {found.name} (${found.price:.2f}, qty: {found.quantity})")

    # 6. DELETE the product
    session.delete(found)
    session.commit()
    print("✓ Deleted: Widget A")

    # 7. SELECT ALL — confirm table is empty
    rows = session.execute(select(Product)).scalars().all()
    print(f"✓ Table empty: {len(rows)} rows" if not rows else f"✗ Unexpected: {rows}")

Async SQLAlchemy ORM 2.0 with AioValkeyLock

# uv add tangled-pyrqlite[valkey]
#
# podman rm -f rqlite-test
# podman run -d --name rqlite-test -p 4001:4001 docker.io/rqlite/rqlite
#
# podman rm -f valkey-test
# podman run -d --name valkey-test -p 6379:6379 docker.io/valkey/valkey:latest

import asyncio
from sqlalchemy import select, text
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import (
    AsyncAttrs,
    AsyncSession,
    async_sessionmaker,
    create_async_engine,
)
from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase, Mapped, mapped_column
from rqlite import AioValkeyLock

# Define the ORM model
class Base(AsyncAttrs, DeclarativeBase): pass

class Product(Base):
    __tablename__ = "readme_products"
    id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
    name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column()
    price: Mapped[float] = mapped_column()
    quantity: Mapped[int] = mapped_column()

# Create async engine with AioValkey distributed lock
lock = AioValkeyLock(name="readme_sa_async", timeout=10.0)

engine = create_async_engine(
    "rqlite+aiorqlite://localhost:4001",
    connect_args={"lock": lock},
)

Session = async_sessionmaker(engine, class_=AsyncSession, expire_on_commit=False)

async def main():
    async with Session() as session:
        # 1. CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS (raw SQL — model not yet in DB)
        await session.execute(text("""
            CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS readme_products (
                id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
                name TEXT NOT NULL,
                price REAL NOT NULL,
                quantity INTEGER DEFAULT 0
            )
        """))
        await session.commit()
        print("✓ Table 'readme_products' ready")

        # 2. INSERT a product via ORM
        product = Product(name="Widget A", price=9.99, quantity=100)
        session.add(product)
        await session.commit()
        print("✓ Inserted: Widget A ($9.99, qty: 100)")

        # 3. SELECT — fetch by name
        result = await session.execute(select(Product).where(Product.name == "Widget A"))
        found = result.scalar_one_or_none()
        print(f"✓ Found: {found.name} (${found.price:.2f}, qty: {found.quantity})")

        # 4. UPDATE — adjust price and quantity
        old_price, old_qty = found.price, found.quantity
        found.price, found.quantity = 12.99, 85
        await session.commit()
        print(f"✓ Updated: Widget A (${old_price:.2f} → ${found.price:.2f}, qty: {old_qty} → {found.quantity})")

        # 5. SELECT — verify update
        result = await session.execute(select(Product).where(Product.name == "Widget A"))
        found = result.scalar_one_or_none()
        print(f"✓ Verified: {found.name} (${found.price:.2f}, qty: {found.quantity})")

        # 6. DELETE the product
        await session.delete(found)
        await session.commit()
        print("✓ Deleted: Widget A")

        # 7. SELECT ALL — confirm table is empty
        rows = (await session.execute(select(Product))).scalars().all()
        print(f"✓ Table empty: {len(rows)} rows" if not rows else f"✗ Unexpected: {rows}")

    await engine.dispose()

asyncio.run(main())

For complete working examples, including running instructions and the full example file table, see EXAMPLES.md.

Miscellaneous

For development setup, testing, linting, project architecture overview, error handling and exception hierarchy, see MISC.md.

References

rqlite — Distributed SQLite database
Python DB-API 2.0 (PEP 249) — Python database API specification
SQLAlchemy Documentation — Python SQL toolkit and ORM
Redis — Redis in-memory data store (distributed locking)
Valkey — Valkey in-memory data store (distributed locking, Redis-compatible)

License

MIT License - see LICENSE file for details.

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