trainscope

Post-mortem debugger for LLM training loss spikes.

When a loss spike hits, you know that it happened — trainscope tells you why. It records per-layer gradients, weight distributions, activation statistics, and optimizer state at every training step, then serves a browser UI to scrub back through the event.

pip install trainscope

Table of contents

• Why trainscope?
• Quick start
• What gets recorded
• Browser UI
• Command-line interface
• Configuration
• Storage layout
• Stability scope
• Overhead
• Development
• Publishing
• License

Why trainscope?

Loss spikes in large language model training are expensive. Existing tools log aggregates; trainscope logs the mechanism:

• CUSUM Change-Point Detection: Catches subtle, persistent loss drifts ($0.10\sigma - 0.25\sigma$ per step). Verified on real training: in an organic mini-GPT-2/wikitext-2 loss explosion, CUSUM fired 9–11 steps (mean 9.7) before the loss diverged (see scripts/verify_cusum_early_warning.py).
• Activation kurtosis: Excess kurtosis of per-block activations rises before divergence. Verified on the same organic mini-GPT-2/wikitext-2 scenario as the CUSUM claim: kurtosis crossed its robust baseline margin 14–18 steps (mean 16.7) before loss divergence — earlier than CUSUM's 9–11 step detection (see scripts/verify_kurtosis_early_warning.py). Note this supersedes the earlier "1–5 steps" estimate, which was not reproduced; kurtosis leads by more than CUSUM, not less.
• Chronological Spike Story Cascade: Traces failure cascades chronologically (Loss Shift → Gradient Explosion → NaN Collapse) to isolate root causes instead of terminal symptoms.
• Gradient L2 norms: Per-layer breakdowns show exactly which transformer block initiated the update instability.
• WandB Zero-Config Integration: Auto-detects active wandb.run sessions for passive logging, with opt-in alerting (integrations={"wandb": {"alerts": True}}).
• Weight histograms + KL divergence: Compare parameter distributions before and after the spike.
• RNG state + optional checkpoint: At the spike step for exact replay.

All data is written to local Arrow files; the UI is a lightweight standalone FastAPI server with lazy-loaded views and Plotly (initial shell ~60KB gzipped; the 4.9MB Plotly bundle is fetched only when the first chart renders) and incremental WebSocket live streaming.

Quick start

from trainscope import TrainScope
from trainscope.core.config import TrainScopeConfig

scope = TrainScope(model, optimizer, config=TrainScopeConfig()).attach()

for step, batch in enumerate(dataloader):
    optimizer.zero_grad()
    loss = forward_and_backward(batch)

    # Record metrics between backward and optimizer step so gradient norms are
    # measured before the optimizer mutates parameters.
    spike = scope.step(loss.item(), batch_index=step)
    optimizer.step()

    if spike:
        print(f"Spike at step {spike['step']}, z={spike['z_score']:.2f}")

scope.detach()

Open the run in the browser UI:

trainscope ui --run ./trainscope_runs/<run-name>

For a self-contained example with an injected drift and spike:

python examples/gpt2_spike_demo.py
trainscope ui --run ./trainscope_runs/<run-name>

What gets recorded

Per step (global)

• Train loss, global grad norm, learning rate (grad_norm_after_clip currently mirrors grad_norm_before_clip: TrainScope no longer clips gradients itself — clip externally with torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_() before calling step() — so there is no separate post-clip reading to record)
• Anomaly score (spike_score) from the configured detector — CUSUM change-point by default, or Z-score/percentile if configured via detector=. Only the active detector's score is recorded per step.
• Adam second-moment (v) norm — stale momentum indicator
• Step time, batch index
• CPU/CUDA memory usage when track_memory=True

Per step, per layer

• Gradient L2 norm, max absolute gradient, gradient mean
• Weight L2 norm, mean, std, min, max absolute value
• Activation mean / std / min / max / median / max-abs / kurtosis
• NaN/Inf ratio in gradients
• 16-bin weight histogram

On spike

• Full snapshot of the surrounding window (spike_window_before + spike_window_after)
• Per-layer data for the same window
• Chronological Failure Cascade diagnosis (Loss Shift → Grad Explosion → NaN)
• RNG state at the spike step for exact replay
• Optional model checkpoint when checkpoint_on_spike is enabled

Browser UI

Four views, one command:

The React UI is served by default after pip install trainscope (pre-compiled assets included). If developing from source:

cd frontend && npm install && npm run build

Command-line interface

# Open UI for a completed or in-progress run
trainscope ui --run ./trainscope_runs/run_20250516_143022 \
    [--host 127.0.0.1] [--port 7007] [--log-level INFO]

# Open UI for every run under a root directory (multi-run mode):
# the Runs view lists all runs side by side with last loss and spike
# count; selecting one switches every other view to it.
trainscope ui --runs ./trainscope_runs

# Print version
trainscope --version

# Generate replay_config.json for exact batch skipping
trainscope replay --checkpoint ./checkpoints/step_4400.pt \
    --skip-batches 4521,4522,4523 [--resume]

# Read skip batches from a file (one index or comma-separated list per line)
trainscope replay --checkpoint ./checkpoints/step_4400.pt \
    --skip-batches @batches.txt

Use the generated config with SkippingDataLoader in your training script:

from trainscope.replay import SkippingDataLoader
import json

with open("replay_config.json") as f:
    cfg = json.load(f)

loader = SkippingDataLoader(original_loader, skip_batches=cfg["skip_batches"])
for batch in loader:
    ...

Configuration

TrainScopeConfig(
    run_dir="./trainscope_runs",            # output root
    run_name=None,                          # defaults to run_YYYYMMDD_HHMMSS
    full_resolution_window=500,             # last N steps at full resolution
    decimation_factor=10,                   # older steps: keep every Nth
    spike_window_before=50,                 # steps before spike to save
    spike_window_after=10,                  # steps after spike to save
    histogram_every_n_steps=50,             # weight histograms are expensive
    activation_metrics_every_n_steps=5,     # kurtosis sampling
    activation_layer_filter=["attn", "mlp"],# None = all leaf modules
    stop_on_spike=False,                    # raise StopTraining on detection
    trace_every_n_steps=1,                  # subsample for very large models
    rank=None,                              # DDP rank → _rank{N} suffix
    device=None,                            # metric compute device; None = CPU
    track_memory=True,                      # CPU/CUDA memory in global snapshot
    checkpoint_on_spike=None,               # True, path template, or None/False
    rng_every_n_steps=0,                    # save RNG every N steps (0 = only spikes)
    resume=False,                           # append to existing Arrow files
)

Notable options

• device — None computes metrics on CPU to avoid GPU synchronization; set to "cuda" to force GPU.
• detector — Selects the anomaly detector: detector="changepoint" (default, CUSUM) or detector={"name": "z_score", "threshold": 3.5} for the rolling z-score. Detector thresholds live inside this dict — there is no top-level spike_threshold since 1.0, because each detector's threshold is on a different scale (CUSUM's cumulative-sum decision threshold vs. a raw z-score cutoff).
• checkpoint_on_spike — Save model.state_dict() (and optimizer state if available) on spike. True writes checkpoints/{step}.pt; a string is a {step} path template.
• rng_every_n_steps — Save RNG state periodically in addition to spike steps.
• resume — Append to existing Arrow files instead of overwriting.

Storage layout

trainscope_runs/<run-name>/
    meta.json                          model config + trainscope config
    manifest.json                      summary of files and latest step
    global.arrow                       step-level scalars (Arrow IPC)
    layers/<param-name>.arrow          per-layer metrics (percent-encoded filenames)
    spikes/spike_step_<N>.arrow        global window around spike N
    spikes/spike_step_<N>_layers/      per-layer data for that window
    rng_states/step_<N>.pkl            RNG state for replay
    checkpoints/<N>.pt                 model checkpoint on spike (optional)

Estimated storage: ~10 MB/step at full resolution for a 1B-parameter model. The default 500-step rolling window caps typical retention at ~5 GB. Spike windows are small.

Stability scope

Starting with 1.0.0, trainscope follows Semantic Versioning with a defined surface:

• Python API (stable contract) — TrainScope, TrainScopeConfig, load_config, StopTraining, and the trainscope.* import paths. Breaking changes to these (renames, removed parameters, changed semantics) only land in major releases. StopTraining.spike_score is the canonical attribute; z_score remains as a deprecated alias.
• Config surface (stable contract) — All TrainScopeConfig fields, their defaults, and the TRAINSCOPE_* / YAML / JSON loading conventions. Detector thresholds are configured per-detector (e.g. detector={"name": "z_score", "threshold": 3.5}); there is no top-level spike_threshold since 1.0.
• Arrow file format (additive only within a major version) — global.arrow, layer and spike-window files, and meta.json/manifest.json. Adding a new nullable field is a minor release; removing a field or changing an existing field's type or semantics requires a major release. Writers may add columns; readers must tolerate columns they do not know about. Plugins already get their own table (PLUGIN_METRICS_SCHEMA), so new metric surfaces should extend that rather than reshuffle the core schema.
• HTTP/WebSocket API (not a public contract) — The /api/* endpoints and /ws WebSocket are implementation details of the bundled UI. They are versioned implicitly by the trainscope release and may change shape in minor releases; do not build external clients against them. The browser UI is the only supported consumer.
• Plugins — Detector plugins must subclass AnomalyDetector; metric plugins follow the plugin-metrics table. Beyond that, plugin interfaces are not yet a frozen contract.

Anything not listed here (integration helper details, CLI output formatting) is considered internal.

Overhead

Measured on CPU with a 2-layer GPT-2 (~430K parameters). GPU overhead is ~3–8× lower.

CPU measured on 2-layer mini-GPT (~430K params), Apple M2. GPU measured on the same model with CUDA. Results scale with parameter count and layer count.

Development

The project uses a Nix flake for the development shell:

nix develop

Or with a local virtual environment:

python -m venv .venv
source .venv/bin/activate
pip install -e ".[dev]"

Quick commands:

make test      # pytest tests/ -q
make lint      # ruff + mypy
make format    # ruff format
make frontend-build

Install pre-commit hooks:

pre-commit install

See CONTRIBUTING.md for coding style and pull request guidelines.

License

MIT