ts2net

Time series to networks. Clean API for visibility graphs, recurrence networks, and transition networks.

Install

Basic Installation

Installs core network builders and sklearn integration:

# Using uv (recommended)
uv pip install ts2net

# Or using pip
pip install ts2net

Optional Feature Tiers

# YAML pipeline CLI + Parquet I/O
uv pip install "ts2net[pipeline]"

# Structural decomposition (BSTS)
uv pip install "ts2net[bsts]"

# Performance acceleration (Numba)
uv pip install "ts2net[speed]"

# All optional features
uv pip install "ts2net[all]"

Development Installation

For development, use uv:

# Clone the repository
git clone https://github.com/kylejones200/ts2net.git
cd ts2net

# Install with uv (creates virtual environment and installs dependencies)
uv sync --group dev

# Build Rust extension
uv run maturin develop --release

Optional Dependencies

# Using uv
uv pip install "ts2net[pipeline]"   # CLI + Parquet pipeline
uv pip install "ts2net[bsts]"       # BSTS decomposition
uv pip install "ts2net[speed]"      # Performance acceleration (Numba)
uv pip install "ts2net[dtw]"        # DTW distance (tslearn)
uv pip install "ts2net[cnn]"        # Temporal CNN embeddings (PyTorch)
uv pip install "ts2net[examples]"   # Example dependencies
uv pip install "ts2net[all]"        # All optional features

# Or using pip
pip install "ts2net[pipeline]"
pip install "ts2net[bsts]"
pip install "ts2net[speed]"

Verify Installation

import ts2net
print(ts2net.__version__)

from ts2net import HVG
import numpy as np
x = np.random.randn(100)
hvg = HVG()
hvg.build(x)
print(f"Installation successful: {hvg.n_nodes} nodes, {hvg.n_edges} edges")

Quick Start

import numpy as np
from ts2net import HVG

x = np.random.randn(1000)

hvg = HVG()
hvg.build(x)

print(hvg.n_nodes, hvg.n_edges)
print(hvg.degree_sequence())

Adjacency Matrix

A = hvg.adjacency_matrix()
print(A.shape)  # (1000, 1000)

NetworkX (Optional)

NetworkX is optional. Convert only if needed:

G = hvg.as_networkx()
import networkx as nx
print(nx.average_clustering(G))

Structural Decomposition and Residual Topology

For time series with predictable structure (seasonality, trends), decompose first, then analyze the residual:

from ts2net.bsts import features, BSTSSpec

# Decompose and analyze residual in one pass
spec = BSTSSpec(
    level=True,
    trend=False,
    seasonal_periods=[24, 168]  # Daily and weekly for hourly data
)

result = features(x, methods=['hvg', 'transition'], bsts=spec)

# Access three feature blocks
raw_stats = result.raw_stats              # Basic series statistics
structural_stats = result.structural_stats # Component variances, seasonal strength
residual_network_stats = result.residual_network_stats  # Network features from residual

Use cases:

• Compare meters/wells without seasonal confounds
• Flag series where structural model fails (high residual complexity)
• Separate predictable structure from irregular dynamics

Installation: BSTS requires the [bsts] extra (statsmodels is not in the core install):

uv pip install "ts2net[bsts]"
# Or: pip install "ts2net[bsts]"

See examples/bsts_features.py for complete examples.

Large Series

For large series, use output modes to control memory usage:

# Degrees only (most memory efficient)
hvg = HVG(output="degrees")
hvg.build(x)
degrees = hvg.degree_sequence()  # Fast, no edge storage

# Stats only (summary statistics without edges)
hvg = HVG(output="stats")
hvg.build(x)
stats = hvg.stats()  # n_nodes, n_edges, avg_degree, etc.

# Full edges (default, use for small-medium series)
hvg = HVG(output="edges")
hvg.build(x)
edges = hvg.edges  # Full edge list

Scale Guidelines

Critical Warnings:

• Dense adjacency matrices are disabled by default for n > 50k (prevents 63GB+ memory blowup)
• NVG without limit can create millions of edges for smooth series
• Recurrence exact all-pairs is O(n²) memory - use kNN for large n
• NetworkX conversion refused for n > 200k (use force=True to override)

Memory Estimates:

• Dense adjacency: ~8 * n² bytes (e.g., 90k nodes = 63 GB)
• Sparse adjacency: ~16 * m bytes where m = edges (e.g., 100k edges = 1.6 MB)
• Edge list: ~16 * m bytes (similar to sparse)
• Degrees only: ~8 * n bytes (e.g., 90k nodes = 720 KB)

Methods

Visibility Graphs

HVG - Horizontal Visibility Graph

from ts2net import HVG

hvg = HVG(weighted=False, limit=None)
hvg.build(x)

NVG - Natural Visibility Graph

from ts2net import NVG

# For large series, use horizon limit and bounded work
nvg = NVG(weighted=False, limit=5000, max_edges=1_000_000, output="degrees")
nvg.build(x)

# Or with memory limit
nvg = NVG(limit=2000, max_memory_mb=100)  # Caps at ~100MB
nvg.build(x)

Recurrence Networks

Phase space recurrence:

from ts2net import RecurrenceNetwork

rn = RecurrenceNetwork(m=3, tau=1, rule='knn', k=5)
rn.build(x)

Parameters:

• m: embedding dimension (None = auto via FNN)
• tau: time delay
• rule: 'knn', 'epsilon', 'radius'
• k: neighbors for k-NN
• epsilon: threshold for epsilon-recurrence

Transition Networks

Symbolic dynamics:

from ts2net import TransitionNetwork

tn = TransitionNetwork(symbolizer='ordinal', order=3)
tn.build(x)

Symbolizers:

• 'ordinal': ordinal patterns
• 'equal_width': equal-width bins
• 'equal_freq': equal-frequency bins (quantiles)
• 'kmeans': k-means clustering

Compare Methods

from ts2net import build_network

x = np.random.randn(1000)

for method in ['hvg', 'nvg', 'recurrence', 'transition']:
    if method == 'recurrence':
        g = build_network(x, method, m=3, rule='knn', k=5)
    elif method == 'transition':
        g = build_network(x, method, symbolizer='ordinal', order=3)
    else:
        g = build_network(x, method)
    
    print(f"{method}: {g.n_edges} edges")

Output:

hvg: 1979 edges
nvg: 2931 edges
recurrence: 3159 edges
transition: 18 edges

Multivariate

Multiple time series → network where nodes = time series:

from ts2net.multivariate import ts_dist, net_knn

X = np.random.randn(30, 1000)  # 30 series, 1000 points each

D = ts_dist(X, method='dtw', n_jobs=-1)
G = net_knn(D, k=5)

print(G.n_nodes, G.n_edges)

Distance methods: 'correlation', 'dtw', 'nmi', 'voi', 'es', 'vr'

Network builders: net_knn, net_enn, net_weighted

Performance

With Numba (recommended):

pip install numba

Speedups:

• HVG: 100x faster
• NVG: 180x faster
• Recurrence: 10x faster

API

All methods follow the same pattern:

builder = Method(**params)
builder.build(x)

# Access results
builder.n_nodes
builder.n_edges
builder.edges                # list of tuples
builder.degree_sequence()    # numpy array
builder.adjacency_matrix()   # numpy array
builder.as_networkx()        # optional conversion

Troubleshooting

Common Issues

Memory errors with large time series:

• Use output="degrees" or output="stats" instead of output="edges"
• For NVG, always set limit parameter (e.g., limit=5000)
• For recurrence networks, use rule='knn' with small k (10-30) instead of exact all-pairs

Slow performance:

• Install Numba: uv pip install numba or pip install numba (100-180x speedup for visibility graphs)
• Use output="degrees" if you don't need full edge lists
• For multivariate, use n_jobs=-1 for parallel distance computation

Import errors:

• Ensure you're using Python 3.12+
• If Rust extension fails to build, install Rust: curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh
• For development, run maturin develop --release after installing Rust

NetworkX conversion refused:

• For very large graphs (n > 200k), NetworkX conversion is disabled by default
• Use force=True to override: hvg.as_networkx(force=True)
• Consider using output="degrees" or output="stats" instead

Getting Help

• Full Documentation
• Open an Issue
• Examples

Citation

Multivariate methods based on:

Ferreira, L.N. (2024). From time series to networks in R with the ts2net package. Applied Network Science, 9(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-024-00642-2

Contributing

Contributions are welcome! See CONTRIBUTING.md for guidelines.

Case Study

Try the Spain smart meter case study in Binder (no dataset download required):

License

MIT