UXsim: Fast network traffic flow simulator for Python

UXsim is a free, open-source macroscopic and mesoscopic network traffic flow simulator written in Python. It simulates the movements of car travelers and traffic congestion in road networks. It is suitable for simulating large-scale (e.g., city-scale) traffic phenomena. UXsim is especially useful for scientific and educational purposes because of its simple, lightweight, and customizable features, but users are free to use UXsim for any purpose.

If you are interested, please see:

• Jupyter Notebook or Google Colab: Interactive demonstrations and tutorials
• Technical Documentation: Detailed documents on tutorials, simulation mechanism, and specifications of modules/functions

Main Features

• Simple, lightweight, and easy-to-use Python implementation of modern standard models of dynamic network traffic flow
• Macroscopic and mesoscopic traffic simulation: Simulating over 60000 vehicles in a city in 30 seconds, or even 1 million vehicles in a metropolitan area in 40 seconds depending on the simulation setting
• Dynamic traffic assignment: Traffic flow simulation with a given network and time-dependent OD demand
  • Approximate solvers for Dynamic User Equilibrium and Dynamic System Optimum are also available
• Theoretically valid models commonly used in academic and professional transportation research
• Implementation of traffic control and management schemes such as taxi/shared-mobility, traffic signals, road pricing, and so on
• Flexible and customizable thanks to pure Python implementation
  • Can also be directly integrated with other Python-based frameworks, such as PyTorch for deep reinforcement learning traffic control
  • The main code uxsim.py is only about 1200 lines of code. Users may easily understand and customize it
  • Dependency-free: you can use the simulator by doing pip install uxsim only
• Provides a seamless user experience by integrating scenario construction, simulation, and data analysis into a unified, transparent Python workflow
• Optional C++ accelerated simulation engine without external dependency
• LLM friendly: AI agents can easily set up simulation scenarios and conduct various experiments autonomously and efficiently thanks to the code-only design

Simulation Examples

Large-scale scenario

Below are simulation results where approximately 60000 vehicles pass through a 10km x 10km grid network in 2 hours. The computation time was about 30 seconds on a standard desktop PC (less than 1 sec if optional C++ mode is used).

Visualization of link traffic states (thicker lines mean more vehicles, darker colors mean slower speeds) and some vehicle trajectories:

Vehicle trajectory diagram on a corridor of the above network:

Deep reinforcement learning signal control using PyTorch

A traffic signal controller is trained by deep reinforcement learning (DRL) using PyTorch. The left (or upper) scenario shows no control with fixed signal timing; the traffic demand exceeds the network capacity with the naive signal setting, and a gridlock occurs. The right (or bottom) scenario shows DRL control, where the traffic signal can be changed by observing queue length; although the demand level is the same, traffic flows smoothly. A Jupyter Notebook of this example is available.

Install

UXsim is available for Python version 3.10 or later.

Using pip

The simplest way is to use pip to install from PyPI:

pip install uxsim

conda install uxsim

pip install -U -e git+https://github.com/toruseo/uxsim@main#egg=uxsim

pip install -U -e git+https://github.com/YOUR_FORK/uxsim@YOUR_BRANCH#egg=uxsim

your_project_directory/
├── uxsim/ 	# The uxsim directory
│ ├── uxsim.py 	# The main code of UXsim. You can customize this as you wish
│ └── ... 	# Other files and directories in uxsim
├── your_simulation_code.py 		# Your code if necessary
├── your_simulation_notebook.ipynb 	# Your Jupyter notebook if necessary
├── ... 	# Other files if necessary

Getting Started

As a simple example, the following code will simulate traffic flow in a Y-shaped network.

from uxsim import World

# Define the main simulation
# Units are standardized to seconds (s) and meters (m)
W = World(
    name="",    # Scenario name
    deltan=5,   # Simulation aggregation unit delta n
    tmax=1200,  # Total simulation time (s)
    print_mode=1, save_mode=1, show_mode=1,    # Various options
    random_seed=0    # Set the random seed
)

# Define the scenario
# Create nodes
W.addNode(name="orig1", x=0, y=0)  #xy coords are for visualization 
W.addNode(name="orig2", x=0, y=2)
W.addNode(name="merge", x=1, y=1)
W.addNode(name="dest", x=2, y=1)

# Create links between nodes
W.addLink(name="link1", start_node="orig1", end_node="merge", length=1000, free_flow_speed=20, number_of_lanes=1)
W.addLink(name="link2", start_node="orig2", end_node="merge", length=1000, free_flow_speed=20, number_of_lanes=1)
W.addLink(name="link3", start_node="merge", end_node="dest", length=1000, free_flow_speed=20, number_of_lanes=1)

# Create OD traffic demand between nodes
W.adddemand(orig="orig1", dest="dest", t_start=0, t_end=1000, flow=0.45)
W.adddemand(orig="orig2", dest="dest", t_start=400, t_end=1000, flow=0.6)

# Run the simulation to the end
W.exec_simulation()

# Print summary of simulation result
W.analyzer.print_simple_stats()

# Visualize snapshots of network traffic state for several timesteps
W.analyzer.network(t=100, detailed=1, network_font_size=12)
W.analyzer.network(t=600, detailed=1, network_font_size=12)
W.analyzer.network(t=800, detailed=1, network_font_size=12)

It will output text to the terminal and images to the out directory like below:

simulation setting:
 scenario name:
 simulation duration:    1200 s
 number of vehicles:     810 veh
 total road length:      3000 m
 time discret. width:    5 s
 platoon size:           5 veh
 number of timesteps:    240
 number of platoons:     162
 number of links:        3
 number of nodes:        4
 setup time:             0.00 s
simulating...
      time| # of vehicles| ave speed| computation time
       0 s|        0 vehs|   0.0 m/s|     0.00 s
     600 s|      130 vehs|  13.7 m/s|     0.03 s
    1195 s|       75 vehs|  12.3 m/s|     0.06 s
 simulation finished
results:
 average speed:  11.6 m/s
 number of completed trips:      735 / 810
 average travel time of trips:   162.6 s
 average delay of trips:         62.6 s
 delay ratio:                    0.385

Further Reading

To learn more about UXsim, please see:

• Simple demo in Jupyter Notebook or Google Colab: Interactive demonstrations
• Demos and examples: Various examples using Jupyter Notebooks and Python codes
• UXsim Technical Documentation: Detailed documents on tutorials, simulation mechanism, and specifications of modules/functions
• arXiv preprint: Scientific overview
• JOSS paper: Peer-reviewed article in Journal of Open Source Software

Terms of Use & License

UXsim is released under the MIT License. You are free to use it as long as the source is acknowledged.

When publishing works based on UXsim, please cite:

• Toru Seo. UXsim: lightweight mesoscopic traffic flow simulator in pure Python. Journal of Open Source Software, Vol. 10, No. 106, p. 7617, 2025.

@Article{seo2025joss,
  author    = {Toru Seo},
  journal   = {Journal of Open Source Software},
  title     = {{UXsim}: lightweight mesoscopic traffic flow simulator in pure {Python}},
  year      = {2025},
  number    = {106},
  pages     = {7617},
  volume    = {10},
  doi       = {10.21105/joss.07617},
  publisher = {The Open Journal},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.07617},
}

If you need more detailed information, please also cite:

• Toru Seo. Macroscopic Traffic Flow Simulation: Fundamental Mathematical Theory and Python Implementation. Corona Publishing Co., Ltd., 2023.
• Toru Seo. UXsim: An open source macroscopic and mesoscopic traffic simulator in Python-a technical overview. arXiv preprint arXiv: 2309.17114, 2023.

Works using UXsim are summarized on the Github Wiki page. Please feel free to edit.

Contributing and Discussion

Contributions are welcome! Please see the Contributing Guideline.

If you have any questions or suggestions, please post them to the Issues or Discussions (in English or Japanese).

I (Toru Seo) work on this project in my spare time. Please understand that my response may be delayed.

Acknowledgments

UXsim is based on various works in traffic flow theory and related fields. We acknowledge the contributions of the research community in advancing this field. Specifically, UXsim directly uses the following works:

• Newell's simplified car-following model and its extension X-model
• Incremental Node Model and its mesoscopic version
• Dynamic User Optimum-type Route Choice Model

Related Links

• Toru Seo (Author)
• Seo Laboratory, Institute of Science Tokyo