Vello: GPU-Accelerated 2D Vector Graphics for Python

Vello is a high-performance, GPU compute-centric 2D vector graphics engine for Python, powered by Linebender's Vello and wgpu.

Unlike traditional CPU renderers (like Cairo or CPU Skia) or traditional GPU renderers that rely on tessellation, Vello utilizes modern GPU Compute Shaders to perform sorting, path clipping, and antialiased rasterization in parallel on your graphics card.

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✨ Features

• ⚡ Pure GPU Compute Acceleration: Path flattening, clipping, and rasterization run completely on GPU Compute Shaders.
• 🎨 Pythonic Canvas API: An intuitive, HTML5 Canvas-like API designed specifically for Python developers.
• 🚀 Zero-Copy NumPy Integration: Stream rendered frames directly into NumPy (H, W, 4) uint8 arrays without copying memory.
• ⚡ Vectorized Batch Drawing: Render tens of thousands to millions of circles, rectangles, and lines in a single native GPU dispatch via NumPy arrays.
• 🌈 Rich Shading & Gradients: Full support for Solid Colors, Linear Gradients, Radial Gradients, Angular / Conical Sweep Gradients, and Image Brushes.
• 🎬 Built-in Animation Export: Generate smooth animated GIF sequences directly with Canvas.save_animation().
• 📐 Vector Shapes & SVG Paths: Native support for Rectangles, Rounded Rectangles, Circles, Ellipses, Lines, Bézier Curves, and complete SVG path d="..." strings.
• 🔤 GPU Vector Typography: High-quality TrueType/OpenType font rendering with exact subpixel glyph positioning.
• 🎭 Compositing & Blend Modes: Full W3C blend modes (Multiply, Screen, Overlay, etc.) and compositing operations.
• 💡 Gaussian Drop Shadows: Accelerated blurred rounded rectangles for realistic UI drop shadows.
• 🧵 Non-blocking & Thread-Safe: Releases the Python GIL during GPU execution for multi-threaded performance.
• 🐧 Linux & Kaggle Ready: Fully supports headless Linux servers and Kaggle Notebooks with NVIDIA GPUs (T4, P100, A100, etc.) via Vulkan.

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📦 Installation

pip install vello

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🚀 Quickstart

1. Basic Drawing & PNG Export

import vello

# Create canvas with background color
canvas = vello.Canvas(800, 600, background="white")

# Fill and stroke shapes with CSS colors, hex, or RGB tuples
canvas.fill_circle(cx=400, cy=300, radius=120, fill="royalblue")
canvas.stroke_circle(cx=400, cy=300, radius=120, stroke="crimson", stroke_width=6.0)

# Draw rounded rectangle with GPU drop shadow
canvas.draw_shadow(x=50, y=50, width=200, height=100, radius=16, blur=20, color="#00000044")
canvas.fill_rounded_rect(x=50, y=50, width=200, height=100, radius=16, fill="#2ecc71")

# Draw an SVG path
canvas.fill_path("M 500 100 L 550 200 L 450 200 Z", fill="gold")

# Save directly to image
canvas.save("output.png")

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2. High-Performance NumPy & Video / Game Pipelines

import vello

canvas = vello.Canvas(1920, 1080, background="black")

# Draw vector elements
canvas.fill_circle(960, 540, 200, fill="coral")

# Get a NumPy array with zero-copy buffer mapping (shape: 1080, 1920, 4)
frame = canvas.to_numpy()
print(frame.shape, frame.dtype)  # (1080, 1920, 4) uint8

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3. Linear & Radial Gradients

import vello

canvas = vello.Canvas(400, 400, background="black")

# Linear gradient
gradient = vello.LinearGradient(
    start=(0, 0),
    end=(400, 400),
    stops=[
        vello.ColorStop(0.0, vello.Color.from_name("red")),
        vello.ColorStop(0.5, vello.Color.from_name("yellow")),
        vello.ColorStop(1.0, vello.Color.from_name("blue")),
    ]
)
canvas.fill_rect(0, 0, 400, 400, fill=gradient)
canvas.save("gradient.png")

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4. Transformations & Layer Blending

import vello

canvas = vello.Canvas(500, 500, background="white")

# Context manager for local coordinate transforms
with canvas.transform(translate=(250, 250), rotate_deg=45):
    canvas.fill_rect(-50, -50, 100, 100, fill="teal")

# Blending and opacity layers
with canvas.layer(alpha=0.8, blend_mode="multiply"):
    canvas.fill_circle(200, 200, 80, fill="cyan")
    canvas.fill_circle(260, 200, 80, fill="magenta")

canvas.save("layers.png")

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5. Vector Typography

import vello

canvas = vello.Canvas(600, 200, background="white")

# Load any TrueType or OpenType font
font = vello.Font.from_file("C:/Windows/Fonts/arial.ttf")

# Measure text bounds
width, height = font.measure_text("Vello on GPU", size=36.0)

# Draw vector text
canvas.draw_text("Vello on GPU", x=50, y=100, font=font, size=36.0, color="royalblue")
canvas.save("text.png")

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6. Vectorized Batch Drawing (NumPy)

Render tens of thousands of shapes simultaneously without Python loop overhead:

import vello
import numpy as np

canvas = vello.Canvas(1000, 1000, background="black")

# 50,000 random circles [x, y, radius]
n = 50_000
data = np.zeros((n, 3), dtype=np.float32)
data[:, 0] = np.random.uniform(0, 1000, n)
data[:, 1] = np.random.uniform(0, 1000, n)
data[:, 2] = np.random.uniform(1, 5, n)

# Single native GPU call!
canvas.fill_circles_batch(data, fill="#00ffcc88")
canvas.save("batch_circles.png")

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7. Animation & GIF Export

import vello
import numpy as np

frames = []
for i in range(30):
    c = vello.Canvas(300, 300, background="black")
    angle = (i / 30.0) * 360.0
    with c.transform(translate=(150, 150), rotate_deg=angle):
        c.fill_rect(-40, -40, 80, 80, fill="cyan")
    frames.append(c)

# Save smooth animated GIF
vello.Canvas.save_animation(frames, "spin.gif", fps=30)

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8. Kaggle / Google Colab (Linux & NVIDIA Tesla T4)

To use vello on Kaggle (Ubuntu x86_64 with NVIDIA T4 GPU accelerator):

# 1. Install Vulkan userland library (Kaggle cell)
!apt-get update && apt-get install -y libvulkan1

# 2. Install Vello wheel or from PyPI
!pip install vello

Verify active GPU hardware & physical limits:

import vello
gpu = vello.get_gpu_info()
print("Active GPU:", gpu["name"])
print("Backend:", gpu["backend"])
print("Device Type:", gpu["device_type"])  # e.g., 'DiscreteGpu'
print("Max Buffer Binding:", gpu["max_storage_buffer_binding_size_mb"], "MB")

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9. Millions of Vectors & GPU Buffer Scaling (gpu_buffer)

Vello automatically discovers and prioritizes your Discrete GPU (e.g. NVIDIA Tesla T4, RTX 3090/4090, AMD Radeon) over any integrated or software fallback adapters, maximizing the available hardware storage limits.

Furthermore, Vello features hardware-safe buffer clamping: it dynamically verifies your GPU's physical max_storage_buffer_binding_size so allocations never exceed your card's hardware capabilities.

By default, Vello allocates an ultra-safe 128 MB GPU bump allocator profile, ensuring smooth operation on low-power devices and integrated graphics.

When working with massive datasets (e.g. rendering 1,000,000+ vector shapes in 4K) on high-memory GPUs (such as an NVIDIA Tesla T4 with 16GB VRAM on Kaggle or Colab, RTX 3090/4090, or A100), you can unlock large buffer capacities:

Per-Canvas Configuration:

import vello

# Allocate a high-capacity GPU bump buffer profile:
canvas = vello.Canvas(3840, 2160, background="#050510", gpu_buffer="2GB")

# Available profiles: "128MB" (default), "256MB", "512MB", "1GB", "2GB", "4GB"

Global Configuration (e.g. at the top of a Notebook):

import vello

# Check active buffer profile
print(vello.get_gpu_buffer())  # '128MB'

# Set high-capacity profile for all canvases
vello.set_gpu_buffer("2GB")

1,000,000 Vector Circles in 4K:

import vello
import numpy as np

WIDTH, HEIGHT = 3840, 2160
N = 1_000_000

# 1. Initialize canvas with 4GB buffer
canvas = vello.Canvas(WIDTH, HEIGHT, background="#050510", gpu_buffer="4GB")

# 2. Generate 1,000,000 vector circles
data = np.zeros((N, 3), dtype=np.float32, order='C')
data[:, 0] = np.random.uniform(50, WIDTH - 50, N)
data[:, 1] = np.random.uniform(50, HEIGHT - 50, N)
data[:, 2] = np.random.uniform(2.0, 5.0, N)

# 3. Render all 1,000,000 shapes directly on GPU
canvas.fill_circles_batch(data, fill="#00ffcc")
canvas.save("galaxy_1m_4k.png")

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📊 Performance

Vello parallelizes vector rendering on GPU compute shaders:

• Instant scene builds: Adding thousands of vector commands takes just a few milliseconds.
• Fast GPU rendering: 1080p full frame renders take ~5-10 ms on standard GPUs (~120-200 FPS).
• GIL-free execution: Multi-threaded Python applications run concurrently without blocking.

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📜 License

Licensed under either of:

• Apache License, Version 2.0 (LICENSE-APACHE)
• MIT license (LICENSE-MIT)

at your option.