velr 0.2.16

Python bindings for Velr, an embedded openCypher graph database built on SQLite

Velr

Velr is an embedded property-graph database from Velr.ai, written in Rust, built on top of SQLite (persisting to a standard SQLite database file) and queried using the openCypher language.

It runs in-process and is designed for local, embedded, and edge use cases.

This package provides the Python bindings for Velr. It wraps a bundled native runtime with a C ABI, implemented in Rust, and exposes a small, Pythonic API for executing Cypher queries, streaming result tables, working with transactions, and exporting results to Arrow, pandas, and Polars.

For the main Velr public entry point, see velr-ai/velr.
For the Velr website, see velr.ai.

Community

• Community and questions: GitHub Discussions
• Bug reports and feature requests: GitHub Issues
• Python examples: velr-python-examples

We’d love to have you join the Velr community.

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Release status

Velr is currently in public alpha.

• The Python API and query support are still evolving.
• openCypher coverage is already substantial, but some features are still missing.
• During the 0.2.x series, we do not guarantee database migration or on-disk database compatibility between releases.
• Velr 0.2.14 includes a breaking on-disk storage change; existing databases from earlier releases must be recreated by re-importing the source data.
• Starting with the 0.3.x series, we intend to guarantee internal database compatibility within the branch.

Velr is already usable for real workflows and representative use cases, but rough edges remain and the API is not yet stable.

Velr 1.0 is focused on strong openCypher compatibility.
Vector search, time-series, and federation are planned as post-1.0 capabilities.

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Installation

Install from PyPI:

pip install velr

For Arrow / dataframe workflows, install the optional Python dependencies you want to use:

pip install pyarrow pandas polars

Licensing in simple terms

• The Python binding source code in this package is licensed under MIT.
• The bundled native runtime binaries may be used and freely redistributed in unmodified form under the terms of LICENSE.runtime.

---

Quick start

from velr.driver import Velr

MOVIES_CREATE = r"""
CREATE
  (keanu:Person:Actor {name:'Keanu Reeves', born:1964}),
  (nolan:Person:Director {name:'Christopher Nolan'}),
  (matrix:Movie {title:'The Matrix', released:1999, genres:['Sci-Fi','Action']}),
  (inception:Movie {title:'Inception', released:2010, genres:['Sci-Fi','Heist']}),
  (keanu)-[:ACTED_IN {roles:['Neo']}]->(matrix),
  (nolan)-[:DIRECTED]->(inception);
"""

with Velr.open(None) as db:
    db.run(MOVIES_CREATE)

    with db.exec_one(
        "MATCH (m:Movie {title:'Inception'}) "
        "RETURN m.title AS title, m.released AS year, m.genres AS genres"
    ) as table:
        print(table.column_names())

        with table.rows() as rows:
            row = next(rows)

    title, year, genres = row
    print(title.as_python())
    print(year.as_python())
    print(genres.as_python())

Open a file-backed database instead of an in-memory database:

from velr.driver import Velr

with Velr.open("mygraph.db") as db:
    db.run("CREATE (:Person {name:'Alice'})")

Open an existing database for reads only:

from velr.driver import Velr

with Velr.open_readonly("mygraph.db") as db:
    with db.exec_one("MATCH (n) RETURN count(n) AS count") as table:
        print(table.collect(lambda row: [cell.as_python() for cell in row]))

open_readonly() never creates, initializes, migrates, or repairs a database. The file must already exist and have the current Velr schema version. Use Velr.open() from import and maintenance code when initialization or migration is intended.

---

Query model

A query may produce zero or more result tables.

Velr exposes three main ways to run Cypher:

• run() executes a query or script and drains all result tables.
• exec() returns a stream of result tables.
• exec_one() expects exactly one result table.

run()

Use run() when you only care about side effects:

with Velr.open(None) as db:
    db.run("CREATE (:Movie {title:'Interstellar', released:2014})")

exec_one()

Use exec_one() when the query should yield exactly one table:

with Velr.open(None) as db:
    db.run("CREATE (:Person {name:'Alice', age:30})")

    with db.exec_one("MATCH (p:Person) RETURN p.name AS name, p.age AS age") as table:
        print(table.column_names())
        print(table.collect(lambda row: [cell.as_python() for cell in row]))

exec()

Use exec() when a query or script may produce multiple result tables:

with Velr.open(None) as db:
    db.run(MOVIES_CREATE)

    with db.exec(
        "MATCH (m:Movie {title:'The Matrix'}) RETURN m.title AS title; "
        "MATCH (m:Movie {title:'Inception'}) RETURN m.released AS released"
    ) as stream:
        for table in stream.iter_tables():
            print(table.column_names())
            print(table.collect(lambda row: [cell.as_python() for cell in row]))

---

Table lifetime and ownership

Table lifetime depends on how a table was obtained.

Tables from exec()

Tables pulled from exec() are stream-scoped.

They remain valid while the producing stream remains open, and closing the stream closes any still-open tables produced by that stream.

with db.exec("MATCH (n) RETURN n") as stream:
    table = stream.next_table()
    # table is valid here

# stream is now closed, so any still-open table from it is also closed

Tables from exec_one()

Tables returned by exec_one() are parent-scoped, not stream-scoped.

• Velr.exec_one() returns a table parented to the connection.
• VelrTx.exec_one() returns a table parented to the transaction.

That means the returned table remains usable after the internal stream logic used by exec_one() has finished.

Even so, tables should still be closed when no longer needed, ideally by using them as context managers.

---

Rows and cells

Rows are exposed through Rows. Each yielded row is a tuple of Cell objects.

Cell.as_python() converts values to normal Python objects:

• NULL → None
• BOOL → bool
• INT64 → int
• DOUBLE → float
• TEXT → str by default
• JSON → str by default, or parsed Python objects with parse_json=True

Example:

with db.exec_one("MATCH (p:Person) RETURN p.name AS name, p.age AS age") as table:
    with table.rows() as rows:
        for row in rows:
            print(row[0].as_python(), row[1].as_python())

For convenience and safety, TEXT and JSON payloads are copied into Python bytes as rows are read, so row contents remain valid after the next fetch.

---

Transactions and savepoints

Use begin_tx() to open a transaction:

from velr.driver import Velr

with Velr.open(None) as db:
    with db.begin_tx() as tx:
        tx.run("CREATE (:Movie {title:'Interstellar', released:2014})")
        tx.commit()

If a transaction context exits without commit(), it is rolled back.

After commit() or rollback(), a transaction can no longer be used.

Savepoints

Velr supports two savepoint styles:

• savepoint() creates a scoped, handle-owned savepoint.
• savepoint_named(name) creates a transaction-owned named savepoint.

Scoped savepoints are owned by the Python handle:

• dropping the handle closes the savepoint
• release() releases it
• rollback() rolls back to it and releases it

Named savepoints are owned by the transaction:

• dropping the returned Python handle does not remove the named savepoint
• rollback_to(name) rolls back to that named savepoint, discards any newer named savepoints, and keeps the target named savepoint active
• release_savepoint(name) releases a named savepoint by name; the named savepoint must be the most recent active named savepoint
• release() or rollback() on a named savepoint handle consume that named savepoint

Active named savepoints are released automatically during commit() so that surviving changes are preserved in the committed transaction.

Example:

with Velr.open(None) as db:
    with db.begin_tx() as tx:
        tx.run("CREATE (:Temp {k:'outer'})")

        tx.savepoint_named("sp1")
        tx.run("CREATE (:Temp {k:'a'})")

        tx.savepoint_named("sp2")
        tx.run("CREATE (:Temp {k:'b'})")

        tx.rollback_to("sp1")  # undoes a and b, drops sp2, keeps sp1 active
        tx.run("CREATE (:Temp {k:'c'})")

        tx.release_savepoint("sp1")
        tx.commit()

---

pandas / Polars / PyArrow interop

Velr can export result tables as Arrow IPC and convert them into:

• pyarrow.Table
• pandas.DataFrame
• polars.DataFrame

pandas

with Velr.open(None) as db:
    db.run(MOVIES_CREATE)

    df = db.to_pandas(
        "MATCH (m:Movie) "
        "RETURN m.title AS title, m.released AS released "
        "ORDER BY released"
    )
    print(df)

Polars

with Velr.open(None) as db:
    db.run(MOVIES_CREATE)

    df = db.to_polars(
        "MATCH (m:Movie) "
        "RETURN m.title AS title, m.released AS released "
        "ORDER BY released"
    )
    print(df)

PyArrow

with Velr.open(None) as db:
    db.run(MOVIES_CREATE)

    tbl = db.to_pyarrow(
        "MATCH (m:Movie) "
        "RETURN m.title AS title, m.released AS released "
        "ORDER BY released"
    )
    print(tbl)

Export from an existing table

with db.exec_one("MATCH (m:Movie) RETURN m.title AS title") as table:
    pa_tbl = table.to_pyarrow()
    df = table.to_pandas()
    pl_df = table.to_polars()

---

Binding Arrow, pandas, Polars, NumPy, and records

Velr can also bind external columnar data under a logical name and query it from Cypher.

Supported bind helpers include:

• bind_arrow()
• bind_pandas()
• bind_polars()
• bind_numpy()
• bind_records()

Bind a pandas DataFrame

import pandas as pd
from velr.driver import Velr

df = pd.DataFrame(
    [
        {"name": "Alice", "age": 30},
        {"name": "Bob", "age": 41},
    ]
)

with Velr.open(None) as db:
    db.bind_pandas("_people", df)

    db.run("""
    UNWIND BIND('_people') AS r
    CREATE (:Person {name:r.name, age:r.age})
    """)

    out = db.to_pandas("MATCH (p:Person) RETURN p.name AS name, p.age AS age ORDER BY age")
    print(out)

Bind a list of dicts

rows = [
    {"name": "Alice", "age": 30},
    {"name": "Bob", "age": 41},
]

with Velr.open(None) as db:
    db.bind_records("_people", rows)
    db.run("""
    UNWIND BIND('_people') AS r
    CREATE (:Person {name:r.name, age:r.age})
    """)

---

Explain support

Velr exposes explain traces through:

• Velr.explain()
• Velr.explain_analyze()
• VelrTx.explain()
• VelrTx.explain_analyze()

These return an ExplainTrace, which can be navigated incrementally or fully materialized with snapshot().

with Velr.open(None) as db:
    with db.explain("MATCH (p:Person) RETURN p.name AS name") as xp:
        print(xp.to_compact_string())

---

Query language support

Velr supports most of openCypher, but some features are not yet implemented.

Notable current limitations:

• Driver-level query parameters (for example $name)
• The query planner does not yet use indexes in all cases where expected.

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Supported functions

Velr currently supports these openCypher functions:

Scalars

• id()
• type()
• length()
• nodes()
• relationships()
• coalesce()
• labels()
• properties()
• keys()

Aggregates

• count()
• sum()
• avg()
• min()
• max()
• collect()

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Thread safety

Velr connections and active result handles are not safe for concurrent use from multiple threads.

If you need parallelism:

• open one connection per thread
• do not share active connections
• do not share transactions, streams, tables, row iterators, or explain traces across threads

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Platform support

The Python package wraps a bundled native runtime implemented in Rust.

Supported distributions may include prebuilt binary wheels for common platforms. Where binary wheels are available, the compiled runtime is included with the package.

Currently bundled targets:

* macOS (arm64)
* Linux x86_64
* Linux aarch64
* Windows x86_64

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License

See LICENSE and LICENSE.runtime for the full license texts.