webctl

Browser automation for AI agents and humans, built on the command line.

pip install webctl
webctl navigate "https://example.com"   # Auto-starts browser, returns page data
webctl click "Sign in"                  # Click by text description
webctl snapshot                         # See all elements with @refs
webctl stop                             # Closes browser and daemon

Why CLI Instead of MCP?

MCP browser tools have a fundamental problem: the server controls what enters your context. With Playwright MCP, every response includes the full accessibility tree plus console messages. After a few page queries, your context window is full. This leads to degraded performance, lost context, and higher costs.

CLI flips this around: you control what enters context.

# Filter before context
webctl snapshot --interactive-only --limit 30      # Only buttons, links, inputs
webctl snapshot --within "role=main"               # Skip nav, footer, ads

# Pipe through Unix tools
webctl snapshot | grep -i "submit"                 # Find specific elements
webctl --format jsonl snapshot | jq '.data.role'   # Extract with jq

Beyond filtering, CLI gives you:

See also: MCP Considered Suboptimal — a community knowledge base collecting CLI-over-MCP patterns and alternatives.

Benchmarks

Head-to-head comparison of webctl vs agent-browser (Vercel's browser cli) across 4 real-world web tasks. Both tools use Claude Opus as the driving agent.

webctl achieves higher quality scores on all 4 tasks at lower cost. Landmark-aware snapshots collapse navigation/sidebars and prioritize content, while automatic fallbacks (cookie dismiss, scroll-to-find, overlay retry) handle complex sites without extra agent turns.

Agent Integration

Option A: Install the skill (works across Claude Code, Cursor, Codex, Gemini CLI, Copilot, Goose, Windsurf, and OpenCode)

npx skills add cosinusalpha/webctl

This installs the skill file. Your agent will install the webctl package automatically on first use.

Option B: Install via pip

pip install webctl
webctl setup              # Downloads Chromium
webctl init               # Generate skills/prompts for your agents
webctl init --global      # Or install globally (works across all projects)

webctl init creates on-demand skills for Claude Code and Goose, and lean prompts for Gemini, Copilot, and Codex.

webctl init --agents claude,gemini    # Only Claude and Gemini
webctl init --agents claude-noskill   # Legacy CLAUDE.md format

If your agent doesn't auto-detect the generated files, add this to your system prompt:

For web browsing, use webctl CLI. Run webctl agent-prompt for instructions.

Note: If a browser MCP is already configured, disable it to avoid conflicts.

Commands

Navigation & Observation

webctl navigate "https://..."                    # Structured data + page summary
webctl navigate "https://..." --snapshot         # Full a11y snapshot with @refs
webctl navigate "https://..." --read             # Readable markdown content
webctl navigate "https://..." --search "query"   # Find search box, type, submit
webctl navigate "https://..." --grep "price"     # Filtered a11y snapshot
webctl back / forward / reload
webctl snapshot --interactive-only               # Buttons, links, inputs only
webctl snapshot --within "role=main"             # Scope to container
webctl query "role=button name~=Submit"          # Debug query
webctl screenshot --path shot.png

Interaction

webctl click "Submit"                          # By text description
webctl click @e3                               # By @ref from snapshot
webctl click "Submit" --snapshot               # Click + return updated page state
webctl type "Email" "user@example.com"         # Smart targeting
webctl type "Country" "Germany"                # Auto-detects dropdowns
webctl type "Search" "query" --submit          # Type + press Enter
webctl press Enter
webctl do '[[...],[...]]' --snapshot           # Batch multiple actions

Wait Conditions

webctl wait network-idle
webctl wait 'exists:role=button name~="Continue"'
webctl wait 'url-contains:"/dashboard"'

Session & Console

webctl status                   # Current state & error counts
webctl save                     # Persist cookies now
webctl console --count          # Just counts by level (LLM-friendly)
webctl console --level error    # Filter to errors only

Core Concepts

Sessions

Browser stays open across commands. Cookies persist to disk.

webctl start                    # Visible browser
webctl start --mode unattended  # Headless (invisible)
webctl -s work start            # Named profile (separate cookies)

Element Queries

Semantic targeting based on ARIA roles — stable across CSS refactors:

role=button                     # Any button
role=button name="Submit"       # Exact match
role=button name~="Submit"      # Contains text (preferred)

Output Control

webctl snapshot                                    # Human-readable
webctl --quiet navigate "..."                      # Suppress events
webctl --result-only --format jsonl navigate "..." # Pure JSON

Architecture

┌─────────────┐  Unix Socket   ┌─────────────┐
│   CLI       │ ◄────────────► │   Daemon    │
│  (webctl)   │   JSON-RPC     │  (browser)  │
└─────────────┘                └─────────────┘
      │                               │
      ▼                               ▼
  Agent/User                   Chromium + Playwright

• CLI: Stateless, sends commands to daemon
• Daemon: Manages browser, auto-starts on first command
• Socket: $WEBCTL_SOCKET_DIR or OS default (see below)
• Profiles: ~/.local/share/webctl/profiles/

Security

webctl verifies that CLI commands come from the same user as the daemon:

All platforms use kernel-level credential verification. This prevents other users from controlling your browser session.

webctl config set browser_executable_path /path/to/chrome

# One-off override via environment:
WEBCTL_BROWSER_PATH=/path/to/chrome webctl start

webctl config set use_global_playwright true

webctl config set browser_executable_path null
webctl config set use_global_playwright false

# Standard proxy env vars (auto-detected)
export HTTPS_PROXY=http://proxy.corp.com:8080
export NO_PROXY=localhost,*.internal.com
webctl start

# Or use webctl-specific var (highest priority)
export WEBCTL_PROXY_SERVER=http://proxy.corp.com:8080

webctl config set proxy_server http://proxy.corp.com:8080
webctl config set proxy_bypass localhost,*.internal.com

# For authenticated proxies
webctl config set proxy_username myuser
webctl config set proxy_password mypass

webctl config show              # View all settings
webctl config set proxy_server null   # Clear proxy

export WEBCTL_LOG=/tmp/webctl.log
webctl navigate "https://example.com"
webctl click "Submit"
cat /tmp/webctl.log   # Review transcript

{
  "domain_policy": {
    "enabled": true,
    "policy": {
      "mode": "allow",
      "allow": ["localhost", "*.mycompany.com", "github.com"],
      "deny": []
    }
  }
}

mkdir -p /tmp/webctl-ipc

docker run -d --name webctl-daemon \
  -u $(id -u):$(id -g) \
  -v /tmp/webctl-ipc:/ipc \
  -e WEBCTL_SOCKET_DIR=/ipc \
  my-webctl-image python -m webctl.daemon.server

export WEBCTL_SOCKET_DIR=/tmp/webctl-ipc
webctl start && webctl navigate "https://example.com"

docker volume create webctl-ipc

docker run -d --name webctl-daemon \
  -v webctl-ipc:/ipc \
  -e WEBCTL_SOCKET_DIR=/ipc \
  my-webctl-image python -m webctl.daemon.server

docker run --rm \
  -v webctl-ipc:/ipc \
  -e WEBCTL_SOCKET_DIR=/ipc \
  my-webctl-image webctl navigate "https://example.com"

uv tool install webctl
uv tool run webctl

playwright install-deps chromium
# Or manually install libraries listed in Playwright documentation

License

MIT