xdis 6.1.8

Python cross-version byte-code disassembler and marshal routines

xdis

A Cross-Python bytecode disassembler, bytecode/wordcode, and magic-number manipulation library/package.

I gave a talk that mentions using this at BlackHat Asia 2024.

Table of Contents

• xdis

  • Introduction

  • Installation

    • Rationale for using Git Branches

    • Installation from source text

  • Disassembler Example

  • Testing

  • Usage

  • As a drop-in replacement for dis

  • See Also

Introduction

The Python dis module allows you to disassemble bytecode from the same version of Python that you are running on. But what about bytecode from different versions?

That’s what this package is for. It can “marshal load” Python bytecodes from different versions of Python. The command-line routine pydisasm will show disassembly output using the most modern Python disassembly conventions in a variety of user-specified formats. Some of these formats, like extended and extended-format are the most advanced of any Python disassembler I know of because they can show an expression tree for operators. See the Disassembler Example below.

Also, if you need to modify and write bytecode, the routines here can be of help. There are routines to pack and unpack the read-only tuples in Python’s Code type. For interoperability between the changes over the years to Python CodeType, provide our own versions of the Code Type to allow interoperability, and we provide routines to reduce the tedium in writing a bytecode file.

This package also has an extensive knowledge of Python bytecode magic numbers, including PyPy and others, and how to translate from sys.sys_info major, minor, and release numbers to the corresponding magic value.

So if you want to write a cross-version assembler, bytecode-level analyzer or optimizer, this package may also be useful. In addition to the kinds of instruction categorization that dis offers, we have additional categories for things that would be useful in such a bytecode assembler, optimizer, or decompiler.

The programs here accept bytecodes from Python version 1.0 to 3.13. The code requires Python 2.4 or later and has been tested on Python running on many versions.

When installing, except for the most recent versions of Python, use the Python egg or wheel that matches that version, e.g., xdis-6.0.2-py3.3.egg, xdis-6.0.2-py33-none-any.whl. Of course, for versions that predate wheels, like Python 2.6, you will have to use eggs.

Installation

If you are using Python 3.11 or later, you can install from PyPI using the name xdis:

pip install xdis

For Python releases before 3.11, do not install using PyPI, but instead install using a file in the [GitHub Releases section](https://github.com/rocky/python-xdis/releases). Older Python used to use easy_install. But this is no longer supported in PyPi or newer Python versions. And vice versa, poetry nor pip, (the newer ways) are not supported on older Pythons.

If the Python version you are running xdis is between Python 2.4 through 2.7, use a tarball called xdis_24-x.y.z.tar.gz.

If the Python version you are running xdis is between Python 3.0 through 3.2, use a tarball called xdis_30-x.y.z.tar.gz.

If the Python version you are running xdis is between Python 3.3 through 3.5, use a tarball called xdis_33-x.y.z.tar.gz.

If the Python version you are running xdis is between Python 3.6 through 3.11, use a tarball called xdis_36-x.y.z.tar.gz.

If the Python version you are running xdis is 3.11 or later, use a file called xdis-x.y.z.tar.gz.

You can also try eggs or wheels that have the same version designation, e.g., xdis-x.y.z-py39-none-any.whl for a Python 3.9 installation. However, note that *the version without the designation means Python 3.11 or greater.

Similarly, a tarball with or without the underscore xx, e.g., xdis_36-x.y.z.tar.gz. works only from Python 3.11 or greater.

Rationale for using Git Branches

It is currently impossible (if not impractical) to have one Python source code of this complexity and with this many features that can run both Python 2.7 and Python 3.13+. The languages have drifted so much, and packaging is vastly different. In fact, the packaging practice for Python 3.11+ is incompatible with Python 2.7 (and before back to Python 2.4), which favored “easy_install”.

Installation from source text

To install from source code, make sure you have the right Git branch. See the Requirements section for the Git branch names.

After setting the right branch:

$ pip install -e .  # or pip install -e .[dev] to include testing package

A GNU makefile is also provided, so make install (possibly as root or sudo) will do the steps above.

Disassembler Example

The cross-version disassembler that is packaged here can produce assembly listings that are superior to those typically found in Python’s dis module. Here is an example:

pydisasm -S -F extended bytecode_3.8/pydisasm-example.pyc
# pydisasm version 6.1.1.dev0
# Python bytecode 3.8.0 (3413)
# Disassembled from Python 3.11.8 (main, Feb 14 2024, 04:47:01) [GCC 13.2.0]
# Timestamp in code: 1693155156 (2023-08-27 12:52:36)
# Source code size mod 2**32: 320 bytes
# Method Name:       <module>
# Filename:          simple_source/pydisasm-example.py
# Argument count:    0
# Position-only argument count: 0
# Keyword-only arguments: 0
# Number of locals:  0
# Stack size:        3
# Flags:             0x00000040 (NOFREE)
# First Line:        4
# Constants:
#    0: 0
#    1: None
#    2: ('version_info',)
#    3: 1
#    4: (2, 4)
#    5: 'Is small power of two'
# Names:
#    0: sys
#    1: version_info
#    2: print
#    3: version
#    4: len
#    5: major
#    6: power_of_two
             # import sys
  4:           0 LOAD_CONST           (0) ; TOS = 0
               2 LOAD_CONST           (None) ; TOS = None
               4 IMPORT_NAME          (sys) ; TOS = import_module(sys)
               6 STORE_NAME           (sys) ; sys = import_module(sys)

             # from sys import version_info
  5:           8 LOAD_CONST           (0) ; TOS = 0
              10 LOAD_CONST           (('version_info',)) ; TOS = ('version_info',)
              12 IMPORT_NAME          (sys) ; TOS = import_module(sys)
              14 IMPORT_FROM          (version_info) ; TOS = from sys import version_info
              16 STORE_NAME           (version_info) ; version_info = from sys import version_info
              18 POP_TOP

             # print(sys.version)
  7:          20 LOAD_NAME            (print) ; TOS = print
              22 LOAD_NAME            (sys) ; TOS = sys
              24 LOAD_ATTR            (version) ; TOS = sys.version
              26 CALL_FUNCTION        (1 positional argument) ; TOS = print(sys.version)
              28 POP_TOP

             # print(len(version_info))
  8:          30 LOAD_NAME            (print) ; TOS = print
              32 LOAD_NAME            (len) ; TOS = len
              34 LOAD_NAME            (version_info) ; TOS = version_info
              36 CALL_FUNCTION        (1 positional argument) ; TOS = len(version_info)
              38 CALL_FUNCTION        (1 positional argument) ; TOS = print(len(version_info))
              40 POP_TOP

             # major = sys.version_info[0]
  9:          42 LOAD_NAME            (sys) ; TOS = sys
              44 LOAD_ATTR            (version_info) ; TOS = sys.version_info
              46 LOAD_CONST           (0) ; TOS = 0
              48 BINARY_SUBSCR        TOS = sys.version_info[0]
              50 STORE_NAME           (major) ; major = sys.version_info[0]

             # power_of_two = major & (major - 1)
 10:          52 LOAD_NAME            (major) ; TOS = major
              54 LOAD_NAME            (major) ; TOS = major
              56 LOAD_CONST           (1) ; TOS = 1
              58 BINARY_SUBTRACT      TOS = major - (1)
              60 BINARY_AND           TOS = major & (major - (1))
              62 STORE_NAME           (power_of_two) ; power_of_two = major & (major - (1))

             # if power_of_two in (2, 4):
 11:          64 LOAD_NAME            (power_of_two) ; TOS = power_of_two
              66 LOAD_CONST           ((2, 4)) ; TOS = (2, 4)
              68 COMPARE_OP           (in) ; TOS = power_of_two in ((2, 4))
              70 POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE    (to 80)

             # print("Is small power of two")
 12:          72 LOAD_NAME            (print) ; TOS = print
              74 LOAD_CONST           ("Is small power of two") ; TOS = "Is small power of two"
              76 CALL_FUNCTION        (1 positional argument) ; TOS = print("Is small power of two")
              78 POP_TOP
         >>   80 LOAD_CONST           (None) ; TOS = None
              82 RETURN_VALUE         return None

Note that some operand interpretation is performed on items in the stack as shown above. For example, in:

24 LOAD_ATTR            (version) | sys.version

from the instruction, see that sys.version is the resolved attribute that is loaded.

Similarly, in:

68 COMPARE_OP           (in) | power_of_two in (2, 4)

we see that we can resolve the two arguments of the in operation. Finally, in some’ CALL_FUNCTIONS’, we can determine the name of the function and the arguments passed to it.

Testing

$ make check

A GNU makefile has been added to smooth over setting up running the right command, and running tests from fastest to slowest.

If you have remake installed, you can see the list of all tasks including tests via remake --tasks.

Usage

Run

$ ./bin/pydisasm -h

for usage help.

As a drop-in replacement for dis

xdis also provides some support as a drop-in replacement for the Python library dis module. This may be desirable when you want to use the improved API from Python 3.4 or later from an earlier Python version.

For example:

>>> # works in Python 2 and 3
>>> import xdis.std as dis
>>> [x.opname for x in dis.Bytecode('a = 10')]
['LOAD_CONST', 'STORE_NAME', 'LOAD_CONST', 'RETURN_VALUE']

There may be some small differences in output produced for formatted disassembly or how we show compiler flags. We expect you’ll find the xdis output more informative, though.

See Also

• https://pypi.org/project/uncompyle6/ : Python Bytecode Deparsing

• https://pypi.org/project/decompyle3/ : Python Bytecode Deparsing for Python 3.7 and 3.8

• https://pypi.org/project/xasm/ : Python Bytecode Assembler

• https://pypi.org/project/x-python/ : Python Bytecode Interpreter written in Python

• https://pypi.org/project/trepanxpy/ : Python Bytecode Debugger

• https://pypi.org/project/python-control-flow/ : Python Bytecode Control-Flow analysis