xmhuffman
A small, fast Cython extension that decodes the canonical-Huffman string
dictionary pages used by xVelocity / Vertipaq column stores — the storage
format inside Power BI .pbix files (the DataModel part) and Excel
Power Pivot workbooks (xl/model/item.data).
Provides a tight C kernel for what would otherwise be a per-symbol Python
loop. On real .pbix files this is 30–50× faster than an equivalent
pure-Python implementation and removes a hot path that dominates table
extraction time in tools like pbixray.
Installation
pip install xmhuffman
Building from source requires a C compiler and Cython ≥ 3.0:
git clone https://github.com/Hugoberry/xmhuffman-cython
cd xmhuffman-cython
pip install -e .
Usage
The library exposes a tiny surface — one entry point for the common case plus a few lower-level helpers.
Decode a dictionary page
import xmhuffman
# All inputs come straight from the Vertipaq dictionary page metadata:
# bitstream — compressed_string_buffer (bytes)
# encode_array_128 — 128-byte nibble-packed code-length array
# offsets — per-string start bit offsets (sequence of u32)
# total_bits — store_total_bits (end of last string)
strings: list[bytes] = xmhuffman.decode_page(
bitstream,
encode_array_128,
offsets,
total_bits,
swap=True, # apply the byte-pair swap inside the extension
)
Output is list[bytes]. Charset interpretation is the caller's choice
(see Character-set modes below): Vertipaq pages
declare themselves as either single character set or multiple
character set, and the caller decodes the returned bytes accordingly.
Single-charset pages with non-zero CharacterSetUsed
When a single-charset page carries a non-zero CharacterSetUsed byte,
the spec requires reinserting that byte as the UTF-16-LE high byte of
every decoded character before the byte stream is meaningful as text.
xmhuffman can perform that interleave inside the extension:
# charset_mode='single' + charset_byte != 0 returns interleaved bytes,
# each output element being 2 * decoded_length bytes long, ready for
# direct `bytes.decode('utf-16-le')` by the caller.
strings = xmhuffman.decode_page(
bitstream, encode_array_128, offsets, total_bits,
swap=True,
charset_mode='single',
charset_byte=character_set_used,
)
text = [b.decode('utf-16-le') for b in strings]
For pages with CharacterSetUsed == 0, the default decode_page(...)
call is sufficient — b.decode('latin-1') on its output is byte-for-byte
equivalent to the interleave path and several times faster, so callers
should branch on CharacterSetUsed:
if character_set_used == 0:
strings = xmhuffman.decode_page(bitstream, encode_array_128,
offsets, total_bits)
text = [b.decode('latin-1') for b in strings]
else:
strings = xmhuffman.decode_page(bitstream, encode_array_128,
offsets, total_bits,
charset_mode='single',
charset_byte=character_set_used)
text = [b.decode('utf-16-le') for b in strings]
For multiple character set pages the raw decoded byte stream is
already UTF-16-LE; b[:len(b) & ~1].decode('utf-16-le') is the
canonical caller-side path.
Lower-level building blocks
For callers that want to amortize table construction across pages, or just to unit-test pieces:
# Expand the 128-byte nibble-packed array to 256 plain bytes of lengths.
lengths = xmhuffman.decompress_encode_array(encode_array_128)
# Pair-swap a buffer (bytes 2k and 2k+1 swap; trailing odd byte left as-is).
swapped = xmhuffman.swap_bytes(raw)
# Build the flat decode table once, reuse it across decode calls.
table_bytes, max_len = xmhuffman.build_table(encode_array_128)
strings = xmhuffman.decode_with_table(
bitstream, table_bytes, max_len, offsets, total_bits, swap=True,
)
Format notes
The on-disk format is documented publicly in Microsoft's open specification [MS-XLDM] §2.7.4 — Huffman Compression. Each dictionary page is, schematically:
| Field | Description |
|---|---|
encode_array |
128 bytes, two 4-bit code lengths per byte (low nibble = symbol 2i, high = 2i+1). Value 0 means "symbol unused". Per [MS-XLDM] codeword lengths are between 2 and 15 bits. |
uiDecodeBits |
Width of the on-disk primary lookup table (≤ 12). This decoder uses a single flat 2^max_len table instead and ignores uiDecodeBits. |
compressed_string_buffer |
The bitstream itself, with adjacent bytes pair-swapped on disk. No padding between strings. |
store_total_bits |
Total logical bit length; end sentinel for the last string. |
vector_of_record_handle_structures |
Per-record (bit_offset, page_id); sorted offsets per page give the per-string start boundaries. |
Codes are classical Huffman, encoded canonically by sorting
(length, symbol) ascending and incrementing the code with a left-shift
on length changes — exactly the reconstruction described in
[MS-XLDM] §2.7.4.1.5.
Character-set modes
[MS-XLDM] §2.7.4.1.4 distinguishes two modes per page:
- Single character set (
character_set_type_identifier = 0x000aba91) — only the low byte of each character is Huffman-encoded; the upper (charset) byte is stored once on the page asCharacterSetUsedand must be reinserted to recover the original 2-byte character stream. Passcharset_mode='single', charset_byte=CharacterSetUsedtodecode_page/decode_with_tableto have the extension perform that reinsertion. WhenCharacterSetUsed == 0you can skip the kwargs and feed the rawbytesoutput straight tob.decode('latin-1')for the same result at lower cost. - Multiple character sets (
0x000aba92) — both bytes are encoded; the output byte stream is consumed directly as UTF-16LE.
Reinsertion order is the one the reference encoder/decoder uses: each
emitted byte becomes the UTF-16-LE low byte and CharacterSetUsed
becomes the high byte, so output element k is exactly
bytes([symbol, CharacterSetUsed]) * nwritten.
Performance
Apples-to-apples against an equivalent pure-Python decoder on a few real
.pbix files:
| File | Strings | Python ref | xmhuffman | Speedup |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adventure Works DW 2020 | 191,489 | 449 ms | 10.0 ms | 45× |
| Sales & Marketing sample | 103,290 | 160 ms | 5.3 ms | 30× |
| Retail Analysis sample | 9 | 144 ms | 2.9 ms | 50× |
The kernel does one unaligned 64-bit big-endian load, one shift, one
mask, one table lookup and one byte store per output symbol. The decode
table is a flat 2^max_len array of uint16_t (≤ 64 KB; usually 1–8 KB)
that fits comfortably in L1/L2.
Parallel scaling
decode_page and decode_with_table are designed to run inside a
concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor with no special setup. The
entire per-page work — bit-stream walk plus charset reinsertion when
requested — happens inside a single with nogil: block. Python
objects (the list[bytes] result) are constructed only after the
kernel returns, in one tight pass under the GIL.
The practical effect on a 2,703-page workload (meta.pbix, 7.1M
strings) on an 8-core M-class machine:
| Workers | Wall clock | Speedup vs. n=1 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10.85 s | 1.00× |
| 2 | 6.19 s | 1.75× |
| 4 | 3.92 s | 2.77× |
| 8 | 2.60 s | 4.17× |
Scaling is monotonic up to physical-core count; the function does not fight the GIL on per-string allocation.
Project layout
xmhuffman-cython/
├── xmhuffman.pyx # Cython surface
├── xmhuffman.pxd # C declarations
├── src/xmhuffman_kernel.c # C kernel
├── include/xmhuffman_kernel.h
├── tests/ # correctness tests
└── bench/ # micro-benchmark
Testing
pip install -e .
pip install pytest
pytest tests/ -v
The basic test suite checks each helper against a pure-Python reference
implementation. An additional integration test (tests/test_pbix.py)
decodes pages out of real .pbix files and asserts byte-identity with
the reference; it is skipped automatically when fixtures aren't
available.
Scope and non-goals
- Not a general-purpose Huffman library. Alphabets are fixed at 256 symbols, codeword lengths are capped at 15 bits, and the bitstream convention is the one used by Vertipaq pages.
- Not an encoder. Round-tripping pages is out of scope.
- No Python-string outputs. The decoder returns raw
bytes; the caller picks betweenlatin-1and paired UTF-16-LE based on the page's character-set identifier. Thecharset_mode='single', charset_byte=cboption performs the spec-definedCharacterSetUsedreinsertion as a byte interleave (stillbytesout) so the caller canb.decode('utf-16-le')it directly.
License
MIT. See LICENSE.
Acknowledgements
This package is the third in a family of thin Cython wrappers around Microsoft column-store / compression formats, alongside xpress8-python and xpress9-python.
The format itself is documented publicly in Microsoft's open specification [MS-XLDM] — Spreadsheet Data Model File Format, which the implementation here follows. The Python reference and end-to-end test fixtures come from the pbixray project.
1 maintainer
Metadata
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