zapcode 1.1.3

A minimal, secure TypeScript interpreter for AI agents — Python bindings

Zapcode

Run AI code. Safely. Instantly.

A minimal, secure TypeScript interpreter written in Rust for use by AI agents

---

Experimental — Zapcode is under active development. APIs may change.

Why agents should write code

AI agents are more capable when they write code instead of chaining tool calls. Code gives agents loops, conditionals, variables, and composition — things that tool chains simulate poorly.

• CodeMode — Cloudflare on why agents should write code
• Programmatic Tool Calling — Anthropic's approach
• Code Execution with MCP — Anthropic engineering
• Smol Agents — Hugging Face's code-first agents

But running AI-generated code is dangerous and slow.

Docker adds 200-500ms of cold-start latency and requires a container runtime. V8 isolates bring ~20MB of binary and millisecond startup. Neither supports snapshotting execution mid-function.

Zapcode takes a different approach: a purpose-built TypeScript interpreter that starts in 2 microseconds, enforces a security sandbox at the language level, and can snapshot execution state to bytes for later resumption — all in a single, embeddable library with zero dependencies on Node.js or V8.

Inspired by Monty, Pydantic's Python subset interpreter that takes the same approach for Python.

Alternatives

	Language completeness	Security	Startup	Snapshots	Setup
Zapcode	TypeScript subset	Language-level sandbox	~2 µs	Built-in, < 2 KB	npm install / pip install
Docker + Node.js	Full Node.js	Container isolation	~200-500 ms	No	Container runtime
V8 Isolates	Full JS/TS	Isolate boundary	~5-50 ms	No	V8 (~20 MB)
Deno Deploy	Full TS	Isolate + permissions	~10-50 ms	No	Cloud service
QuickJS	Full ES2023	Process isolation	~1-5 ms	No	C library
WASI/Wasmer	Depends on guest	Wasm sandbox	~1-10 ms	Possible	Wasm runtime

Why not Docker?

Docker provides strong isolation but adds hundreds of milliseconds of cold-start latency, requires a container runtime, and doesn't support snapshotting execution state mid-function. For AI agent loops that execute thousands of small code snippets, the overhead dominates.

Why not V8?

V8 is the gold standard for JavaScript execution. But it brings ~20 MB of binary size, millisecond startup times, and a vast API surface that must be carefully restricted for sandboxing. If you need full ECMAScript compliance, use V8. If you need microsecond startup, byte-sized snapshots, and a security model where "blocked by default" is the foundation rather than an afterthought, use Zapcode.

Benchmarks

All benchmarks run the full pipeline: parse → compile → execute. No caching, no warm-up.

Benchmark	Zapcode	Docker + Node.js	V8 Isolate
Simple expression (1 + 2 * 3)	2.1 µs	~200-500 ms	~5-50 ms
Variable arithmetic	2.8 µs	—	—
String concatenation	2.6 µs	—	—
Template literal	2.9 µs	—	—
Array creation	2.4 µs	—	—
Object creation	5.2 µs	—	—
Function call	4.6 µs	—	—
Loop (100 iterations)	77.8 µs	—	—
Fibonacci (n=10, 177 calls)	138.4 µs	—	—
Snapshot size (typical agent)	< 2 KB	N/A	N/A
Memory per execution	~10 KB	~50+ MB	~20+ MB
Cold start	~2 µs	~200-500 ms	~5-50 ms

No background thread, no GC, no runtime — CPU usage is exactly proportional to the instructions executed.

cargo bench   # run benchmarks yourself

Installation

TypeScript / JavaScript

npm install @unchartedfr/zapcode        # npm / yarn / pnpm / bun

Python

pip install zapcode                     # pip / uv

Rust

# Cargo.toml
[dependencies]
zapcode-core = "1.0.0"

WebAssembly

wasm-pack build crates/zapcode-wasm --target web

Basic Usage

TypeScript / JavaScript

import { Zapcode, ZapcodeSnapshotHandle } from '@unchartedfr/zapcode';

// Simple expression
const b = new Zapcode('1 + 2 * 3');
console.log(b.run().output);  // 7

// With inputs
const greeter = new Zapcode(
    '`Hello, ${name}! You are ${age} years old.`',
    { inputs: ['name', 'age'] },
);
console.log(greeter.run({ name: 'Zapcode', age: 30 }).output);

// Data processing
const processor = new Zapcode(`
    const items = [
        { name: "Widget", price: 25.99, qty: 3 },
        { name: "Gadget", price: 49.99, qty: 1 },
    ];
    const total = items.reduce((sum, i) => sum + i.price * i.qty, 0);
    ({ total, names: items.map(i => i.name) })
`);
console.log(processor.run().output);
// { total: 127.96, names: ["Widget", "Gadget"] }

// External function (snapshot/resume)
const app = new Zapcode(`const data = await fetch(url); data`, {
    inputs: ['url'],
    externalFunctions: ['fetch'],
});
const state = app.start({ url: 'https://api.example.com' });
if (!state.completed) {
    console.log(state.functionName);  // "fetch"
    const snapshot = ZapcodeSnapshotHandle.load(state.snapshot);
    const final_ = snapshot.resume({ status: 'ok' });
    console.log(final_.output);  // { status: "ok" }
}

See examples/typescript/basic.ts for more.

Python

from zapcode import Zapcode, ZapcodeSnapshot

# Simple expression
b = Zapcode("1 + 2 * 3")
print(b.run()["output"])  # 7

# With inputs
b = Zapcode(
    '`Hello, ${name}!`',
    inputs=["name"],
)
print(b.run({"name": "Zapcode"})["output"])  # "Hello, Zapcode!"

# External function (snapshot/resume)
b = Zapcode(
    "const w = await getWeather(city); `${city}: ${w.temp}°C`",
    inputs=["city"],
    external_functions=["getWeather"],
)
state = b.start({"city": "London"})
if state.get("suspended"):
    result = state["snapshot"].resume({"condition": "Cloudy", "temp": 12})
    print(result["output"])  # "London: 12°C"

# Snapshot persistence
state = b.start({"city": "Tokyo"})
if state.get("suspended"):
    bytes_ = state["snapshot"].dump()          # serialize to bytes
    restored = ZapcodeSnapshot.load(bytes_)    # load from bytes
    result = restored.resume({"condition": "Clear", "temp": 26})

See examples/python/basic.py for more.

Rust

use zapcode_core::{ZapcodeRun, Value, ResourceLimits, VmState};

// Simple expression
let runner = ZapcodeRun::new(
    "1 + 2 * 3".to_string(), vec![], vec![],
    ResourceLimits::default(),
)?;
assert_eq!(runner.run_simple()?, Value::Int(7));

// With inputs and external functions (snapshot/resume)
let runner = ZapcodeRun::new(
    r#"const weather = await getWeather(city);
       `${city}: ${weather.condition}, ${weather.temp}°C`"#.to_string(),
    vec!["city".to_string()],
    vec!["getWeather".to_string()],
    ResourceLimits::default(),
)?;

let state = runner.start(vec![
    ("city".to_string(), Value::String("London".into())),
])?;

if let VmState::Suspended { snapshot, .. } = state {
    let weather = Value::Object(indexmap::indexmap! {
        "condition".into() => Value::String("Cloudy".into()),
        "temp".into() => Value::Int(12),
    });
    let final_state = snapshot.resume(weather)?;
    // VmState::Complete("London: Cloudy, 12°C")
}

See examples/rust/basic.rs for more.

WebAssembly (browser)

<script type="module">
import init, { Zapcode } from './zapcode-wasm/zapcode_wasm.js';

await init();

const b = new Zapcode(`
    const items = [10, 20, 30];
    items.map(x => x * 2).reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0)
`);
const result = b.run();
console.log(result.output);  // 120
</script>

See examples/wasm/index.html for a full playground.

AI Agent Usage

Vercel AI SDK (@unchartedfr/zapcode-ai)

npm install @unchartedfr/zapcode-ai ai @ai-sdk/anthropic  # or @ai-sdk/amazon-bedrock, @ai-sdk/openai

The recommended way — one call gives you { system, tools } that plug directly into generateText / streamText:

import { zapcode } from "@unchartedfr/zapcode-ai";
import { generateText } from "ai";
import { anthropic } from "@ai-sdk/anthropic";

const { system, tools } = zapcode({
  system: "You are a helpful travel assistant.",
  tools: {
    getWeather: {
      description: "Get current weather for a city",
      parameters: { city: { type: "string", description: "City name" } },
      execute: async ({ city }) => {
        const res = await fetch(`https://api.weather.com/${city}`);
        return res.json();
      },
    },
    searchFlights: {
      description: "Search flights between two cities",
      parameters: {
        from: { type: "string" },
        to: { type: "string" },
        date: { type: "string" },
      },
      execute: async ({ from, to, date }) => {
        return flightAPI.search(from, to, date);
      },
    },
  },
});

// Works with any AI SDK model — Anthropic, OpenAI, Google, etc.
const { text } = await generateText({
  model: anthropic("claude-sonnet-4-20250514"),
  system,
  tools,
  messages: [{ role: "user", content: "Weather in Tokyo and cheapest flight from London?" }],
});

Under the hood: the LLM writes TypeScript code that calls your tools → Zapcode executes it in a sandbox → tool calls suspend the VM → your execute functions run on the host → results flow back in. All in ~2µs startup + tool execution time.

See examples/typescript/ai-agent-zapcode-ai.ts for the full working example.

Anthropic SDK

TypeScript:

import Anthropic from "@anthropic-ai/sdk";
import { Zapcode, ZapcodeSnapshotHandle } from "@unchartedfr/zapcode";

const tools = {
  getWeather: async (city: string) => {
    const res = await fetch(`https://api.weather.com/${city}`);
    return res.json();
  },
};

const client = new Anthropic();
const response = await client.messages.create({
  model: "claude-sonnet-4-20250514",
  max_tokens: 1024,
  system: `Write TypeScript to answer the user's question.
Available functions (use await): getWeather(city: string) → { condition, temp }
Last expression = output. No markdown fences.`,
  messages: [{ role: "user", content: "What's the weather in Tokyo?" }],
});

const code = response.content[0].type === "text" ? response.content[0].text : "";

// Execute + resolve tool calls via snapshot/resume
const sandbox = new Zapcode(code, { externalFunctions: ["getWeather"] });
let state = sandbox.start();
while (!state.completed) {
  const result = await tools[state.functionName](...state.args);
  state = ZapcodeSnapshotHandle.load(state.snapshot).resume(result);
}
console.log(state.output);

Python:

import anthropic
from zapcode import Zapcode

client = anthropic.Anthropic()
response = client.messages.create(
    model="claude-sonnet-4-20250514",
    max_tokens=1024,
    system="""Write TypeScript to answer the user's question.
Available functions (use await): getWeather(city: string) → { condition, temp }
Last expression = output. No markdown fences.""",
    messages=[{"role": "user", "content": "What's the weather in Tokyo?"}],
)
code = response.content[0].text

sandbox = Zapcode(code, external_functions=["getWeather"])
state = sandbox.start()
while state.get("suspended"):
    result = get_weather(*state["args"])
    state = state["snapshot"].resume(result)
print(state["output"])

See examples/typescript/ai-agent-anthropic.ts and examples/python/ai_agent_anthropic.py.

Multi-SDK support

zapcode() returns adapters for all major AI SDKs from a single call:

const { system, tools, openaiTools, anthropicTools, handleToolCall } = zapcode({
  tools: { getWeather: { ... } },
});

// Vercel AI SDK
await generateText({ model: anthropic("claude-sonnet-4-20250514"), system, tools, messages });

// OpenAI SDK
await openai.chat.completions.create({
  messages: [{ role: "system", content: system }, ...userMessages],
  tools: openaiTools,
});

// Anthropic SDK
await anthropic.messages.create({ system, tools: anthropicTools, messages });

// Any SDK — just extract the code from the tool call and pass it to handleToolCall
const result = await handleToolCall(codeFromToolCall);

b = zapcode(tools={...})
b.anthropic_tools  # → Anthropic SDK format
b.openai_tools     # → OpenAI SDK format
b.handle_tool_call(code)  # → Universal handler

Custom adapters

Build a custom adapter for any AI SDK without forking Zapcode:

import { zapcode, createAdapter } from "@unchartedfr/zapcode-ai";

const myAdapter = createAdapter("my-sdk", (ctx) => {
  return {
    systemMessage: ctx.system,
    actions: [{
      id: ctx.toolName,
      schema: ctx.toolSchema,
      run: async (input: { code: string }) => {
        return ctx.handleToolCall(input.code);
      },
    }],
  };
});

const { custom } = zapcode({
  tools: { ... },
  adapters: [myAdapter],
});

const myConfig = custom["my-sdk"];

from zapcode_ai import zapcode, Adapter, AdapterContext

class LangChainAdapter(Adapter):
    name = "langchain"

    def adapt(self, ctx: AdapterContext):
        from langchain_core.tools import StructuredTool
        return StructuredTool.from_function(
            func=lambda code: ctx.handle_tool_call(code),
            name=ctx.tool_name,
            description=ctx.tool_description,
        )

b = zapcode(tools={...}, adapters=[LangChainAdapter()])
langchain_tool = b.custom["langchain"]

The adapter receives an AdapterContext with everything needed: system prompt, tool name, tool JSON schema, and a handleToolCall function. Return whatever shape your SDK expects.

What Zapcode Can and Cannot Do

Can do:

• Execute a useful subset of TypeScript — variables, functions, classes, generators, async/await, closures, destructuring, spread/rest, optional chaining, nullish coalescing, template literals, try/catch
• Strip TypeScript types at parse time via oxc — no tsc needed
• Snapshot execution to bytes and resume later, even in a different process or machine
• Call from Rust, Node.js, Python, or WebAssembly
• Track and limit resources — memory, allocations, stack depth, and wall-clock time
• 30+ string methods, 25+ array methods, plus Math, JSON, Object, and Promise builtins

Cannot do:

• Run arbitrary npm packages or the full Node.js standard library
• Execute regular expressions (parsing supported, execution is a no-op)
• Provide full Promise semantics (.then() chains, Promise.race, etc.)
• Run code that requires this in non-class contexts

These are intentional constraints, not bugs. Zapcode targets one use case: running code written by AI agents inside a secure, embeddable sandbox.

Supported Syntax

Feature	Status
Variables (const, let)	Supported
Functions (declarations, arrows, expressions)	Supported
Classes (constructor, methods, extends, super, static)	Supported
Generators (function*, yield, .next())	Supported
Async/await	Supported
Control flow (if, for, while, do-while, switch, for-of)	Supported
Try/catch/finally, throw	Supported
Closures with mutable capture	Supported
Destructuring (object and array)	Supported
Spread/rest operators	Supported
Optional chaining (?.)	Supported
Nullish coalescing (??)	Supported
Template literals	Supported
Type annotations, interfaces, type aliases	Stripped at parse time
String methods (30+)	Supported
Array methods (25+, including map, filter, reduce)	Supported
Math, JSON, Object, Promise	Supported
import / require / eval	Blocked (sandbox)
Regular expressions	Parsed, not executed
var declarations	Not supported (use let/const)
Decorators	Not supported
Symbol, WeakMap, WeakSet	Not supported

Security

Running AI-generated code is inherently dangerous. Unlike Docker, which isolates at the OS level, Zapcode isolates at the language level — no container, no process boundary, no syscall filter. The sandbox must be correct by construction, not by configuration.

Deny-by-default sandbox

Guest code runs inside a bytecode VM with no access to the host:

Blocked	How
Filesystem (fs, path)	No std::fs in the core crate
Network (net, http, fetch)	No std::net in the core crate
Environment (process.env, os)	No std::env in the core crate
eval, Function(), dynamic import	Blocked at parse time
import, require	Blocked at parse time
globalThis, global	Blocked at parse time
Prototype pollution	Not applicable — objects are plain IndexMap values

The only escape hatch is external functions that you explicitly register. When guest code calls one, the VM suspends and returns a snapshot — your code resolves the call, not the guest.

Resource limits

Limit	Default	Configurable
Memory	32 MB	memory_limit_bytes
Execution time	5 seconds	time_limit_ms
Call stack depth	512 frames	max_stack_depth
Heap allocations	100,000	max_allocations

Zero unsafe code

The zapcode-core crate contains zero unsafe blocks. Memory safety is guaranteed by the Rust compiler.

Adversarial test suite — 65 tests across 19 attack categories

Attack category	Tests	Result
Prototype pollution (Object.prototype, __proto__)	4	Blocked
Constructor chain escapes (({}).constructor.constructor(...))	3	Blocked
eval, Function(), indirect eval, dynamic import	5	Blocked at parse time
globalThis, process, require, import	6	Blocked at parse time
Stack overflow (direct + mutual recursion)	2	Caught by stack depth limit
Memory exhaustion (huge arrays, string doubling)	4	Caught by allocation limit
Infinite loops (while(true), for(;;))	2	Caught by time/allocation limit
JSON bombs (deep nesting, huge payloads)	2	Depth-limited (max 64)
Sparse array attacks (arr[1e9], arr[MAX_SAFE_INTEGER])	3	Capped growth (max +1024)
toString/valueOf hijacking during coercion	3	Not invoked (by design)
Unicode escapes for blocked keywords	2	Blocked
Computed property access tricks	2	Returns undefined
Timing side channels (performance.now)	1	Blocked
Error message information leakage	3	No host paths/env exposed
Type confusion attacks	4	Proper TypeError
Promise/Generator internal abuse	4	No escape
Negative array indices	2	Returns undefined
setTimeout, setInterval, Proxy, Reflect	6	Blocked
with statement, arguments.callee	3	Blocked

cargo test -p zapcode-core --test security   # run the security tests

Known limitations:

• Object.freeze() is not yet implemented — frozen objects can still be mutated (correctness gap, not a sandbox escape)
• User-defined toString()/valueOf() are not called during implicit type coercion (intentional — prevents injection)

Architecture

TypeScript source
    │
    ▼
┌─────────┐   oxc_parser (fastest TS parser in Rust)
│  Parse  │──────────────────────────────────────────►  Strip types
└────┬────┘
     ▼
┌─────────┐
│   IR    │   ZapcodeIR (statements, expressions, operators)
└────┬────┘
     ▼
┌─────────┐
│ Compile │   Stack-based bytecode (~50 instructions)
└────┬────┘
     ▼
┌─────────┐
│   VM    │   Execute, snapshot at external calls, resume later
└────┬────┘
     ▼
  Result / Suspended { snapshot }

Contributing

git clone https://github.com/TheUncharted/zapcode.git
cd zapcode
./scripts/dev-setup.sh   # installs toolchain, builds, runs tests

License

MIT