zero-downtime-migrations (zdm)

A PostgreSQL migration safety linter for Django, Alembic, and Aerich/Tortoise.

Why

Deploying database migrations without downtime requires careful attention to how PostgreSQL acquires locks. Operations like adding an index, altering a column to NOT NULL, or adding a foreign key can lock tables for extended periods on large datasets, blocking reads and writes and causing outages. zdm statically analyzes Django migrations and supported Alembic and Aerich revisions to catch these unsafe patterns before they reach production, helping teams ship schema changes safely during normal deployments.

What

A standalone Rust CLI tool that statically analyzes Django, Alembic, and Aerich migration files to catch unsafe patterns that cause table locks, outages, and data loss on large PostgreSQL databases. Distributed like ruff/uv — a single fast binary, installable via pip, uvx, or standalone download.

Supports Django 3.2+ — zdm parses migration files directly without importing Django, so it works with any Django version and doesn't require Django to be installed.

Alembic support

zdm also discovers Alembic revision scripts directly under alembic/versions/*.py. It statically supports direct op.* calls in upgrade():

• create_table, create_index, drop_index
• create_foreign_key and create_check_constraint (including postgresql_not_valid=True), plus create_exclude_constraint
• alter_column(nullable=False) and alter_column(new_column_name=...)
• drop_column and execute("<static SQL>")

Use postgresql_concurrently=True only inside the canonical boundary:

with op.get_context().autocommit_block():
    op.create_index("jobs_state_idx", "jobs", ["state"], postgresql_concurrently=True)

The Alembic path is intentionally static: zdm does not import or execute revision scripts, connect to a database, inspect SQLAlchemy models, resolve aliases/custom operations, or evaluate dynamic SQL. op.execute is inspected only when its first positional argument or sqltext keyword is a string literal; use explicit SQL when you want it checked.

Aerich/Tortoise support

zdm discovers Aerich revisions under migrations/<app>/<number>_*.py. It inspects literal SQL returned by upgrade() and literal SQL passed to execute_statement(connection, sql) from local helpers reached by upgrade(), including callbacks such as run_with_lock_timeout(db, _upgrade_attempt). It maps PostgreSQL CREATE/DROP INDEX, CREATE TABLE, and ALTER TABLE column and constraint statements to the same safety rules used for Django and Alembic.

The Aerich path is static: zdm does not import Tortoise, execute migrations, connect to a database, resolve imports, or evaluate variables and f-strings. It follows only local helper names and literal positional execute_statement SQL, so qualified calls, keyword arguments and dynamically assembled SQL are not checked. CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS is not considered a fresh-table exemption. CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY and DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY are accepted, while R004 does not apply because Aerich exposes no equivalent to Django's atomic = False or Alembic's autocommit block.

Installation

Breaking change: the zero-downtime-migrations command alias has been removed. Use zdm. (alias zero-downtime-migrations=zdm in your shell is a one-line workaround if you depended on the old name.)

# Install via pip
pip install zdm

# Or use uvx to run without installing
uvx --from zdm zdm .

# Or install with pipx
pipx install zdm

Usage

# Lint a single migration
zdm app/migrations/0042_add_index.py
zdm alembic/versions/20260809_add_jobs.py
zdm migrations/models/1_20260823_add_jobs.py

# Lint all migrations in a directory
zdm app/migrations/

# Lint all migrations in the project
zdm .

# Diff mode: lint changed migrations in a PR
zdm --diff origin/main

# Staged diff mode: lint changes being committed by pre-commit
zdm --diff-staged origin/main

# Output formats
zdm --output-format json .
zdm --output-format compact .

# Select/ignore specific rules
zdm --select R001,R003 .
zdm --ignore R008 .

# Show explanation for a rule
zdm rule R001

# List every rule the binary recognises
zdm --list-rules

# Treat warnings as errors
zdm --warnings-as-errors .

--diff compares the merge base to HEAD and reads file contents from the HEAD tree, giving deterministic PR/CI results even when the worktree is dirty. --diff-staged compares the same merge base to the index and reads the staged blobs.

Exit Codes

• 0 — no issues found
• 1 — lint violations found (errors). Warnings alone do NOT cause exit code 1 unless --warnings-as-errors is set.
• 2 — tool error (bad arguments, config parse failure, invalid file path)

JSON Output Schema

zdm --output-format json writes a single JSON object to stdout:

{
  "diagnostics": [
    {
      "rule_id":   "R001",
      "rule_name": "non-concurrent-add-index",
      "severity":  "error",
      "message":   "Use AddIndexConcurrently instead of AddIndex …",
      "path":      "app/migrations/0001_bad.py",
      "line":      8,
      "column":    9,
      "help":      "Replace migrations.AddIndex with …"
    }
  ],
  "summary": { "total": 1, "errors": 1, "warnings": 0 }
}

severity is "error" or "warning". help is null when the rule has no help text. The schema is pinned by the integration test suite — every field above is guaranteed on every diagnostic.

Rules

For Alembic revisions, zdm evaluates R001, R003-R005, R011, R015-R017 against direct op.* calls in upgrade(). For Aerich revisions, zdm evaluates R001-R002, R005-R006, R010-R011, and R015-R017 against supported literal PostgreSQL DDL reachable from upgrade(). In diff modes, changeset rule R008 also applies. The Django API references in this table apply only to Django; Alembic and Aerich diagnostics name their equivalent operations.

CreateModel Exemption

Several rules (R001, R002, R006, R010, R016, R017) automatically exempt operations that target models created in the same migration. This is because operations on newly created (empty) tables don't cause the locking issues these rules detect. The exemption is order-aware—a CreateModel that runs after the flagged op cannot retroactively exempt it—and follows RenameModel when the fresh table is renamed before a later operation.

Note: R007 (fk-without-concurrent-index) was merged into R006 and retired. R006 now takes the conservative stance that a prebuilt concurrent index does not make a one-step AddField(ForeignKey) safe on an existing table. Split the rollout instead of relying on an index exemption.

For example, this migration will NOT trigger R001:

class Migration(migrations.Migration):
    operations = [
        migrations.CreateModel(
            name='Order',
            fields=[('id', models.AutoField(primary_key=True))],
        ),
        migrations.AddIndex(  # Exempt: 'order' was just created above
            model_name='order',
            index=models.Index(fields=['created_at'], name='order_idx'),
        ),
    ]

R015 Limitation

R015 (alter-field-not-null) cannot tell, from a single AlterField operation, whether the column was previously nullable. It flags any AlterField whose resulting field is NOT NULL, which catches a genuine nullable→NOT NULL transition (the dangerous case) alongside benign re-stipulations of an already-NOT-NULL column. Because static analysis has no schema history, the rule emits Warning rather than Error — surfaced for review without breaking CI. Add # zdm: ignore R015 on operations you have verified are safe.

Inline Suppression

You can silence specific rules on a per-operation basis with a comment:

operations = [
    # zdm: ignore R001
    migrations.AddIndex(
        model_name='order',
        index=models.Index(fields=['created_at'], name='order_idx'),
    ),
    migrations.AlterField(  # zdm: ignore R015, R010
        model_name='product',
        name='sku',
        field=models.CharField(max_length=50),
    ),
]

The comment can sit on the line just above the operation or on the same line as any line in the operation's range. Multiple rule IDs may be listed, separated by commas.

Configuration

Configure via pyproject.toml or zero-downtime-migrations.toml:

[tool.zdm]
select = ["R001", "R002"]
ignore = ["R008"]
warnings-as-errors = false
allowed-file-patterns = ["*.txt", "*.md", "models.py"]
exclude = ["**/test_migrations/**"]

Configuration Precedence

Settings are applied in this order (highest to lowest priority):

1. CLI flags (--select, --ignore, --warnings-as-errors)
2. zero-downtime-migrations.toml found in the current directory or a trusted repo ancestor
3. pyproject.toml [tool.zdm] section in the same directory
4. Default values

The config search starts in the current working directory. On Unix, if zdm is running inside a trusted git repository, it walks upward within that repository and stops at the first directory that contains zero-downtime-migrations.toml or a pyproject.toml with [tool.zdm]. The nearest .git is always the boundary; an untrusted boundary never falls through to an outer repository. A pyproject for another tool is ignored, so running zdm from repo/apps/myapp/migrations/ still picks up repo/zero-downtime-migrations.toml. Without a trusted .git ancestor—and on Windows, where zdm cannot yet validate repository ACL ownership—only the current directory is checked. Config inputs must be regular UTF-8 files no larger than 1 MiB.

CLI flags always override config file settings. If both zero-downtime-migrations.toml and pyproject.toml exist in the same directory, the standalone file takes precedence; multi-level merging is not performed.

Pre-commit Integration

Install zdm in the environment where pre-commit runs, then call that installed binary from your .pre-commit-config.yaml:

repos:
  - repo: local
    hooks:
      - id: zdm
        name: zdm
        entry: zdm
        language: system
        types: [python]
        files: (^|.*/)(migrations|alembic/versions)/.*\.py$
        exclude: __init__\.py$

Or use diff mode to only check changed migrations:

repos:
  - repo: local
    hooks:
      - id: zdm-diff
        name: zdm diff
        entry: zdm --diff-staged origin/main
        language: system
        pass_filenames: false
        always_run: true

The zdm-diff hook uses --diff-staged so it checks the staged index that pre-commit is validating, rather than the previous HEAD commit.

The repository also publishes source-based pre-commit hooks for users who prefer repo: https://github.com/Photoroom/zero-downtime-migrations with rev: <latest release tag>. Those hooks install the package from source, so Rust must be available in the pre-commit environment.

GitHub Actions

- uses: actions/checkout@v4
  with:
    # --diff needs the base ref and enough history to compute a merge base.
    fetch-depth: 0

- name: Install zdm
  run: pip install zdm

- name: Lint migrations
  run: zdm --diff origin/main

Rust library API

The Rust crate exposes a small programmatic API, but it remains experimental while the project is in the 0.x series. Prefer Migration::from_path or Migration::from_source, Config, and the built-in rule registries. Low-level parser, extractor, diagnostic-construction, discovery, and git helpers may change between minor 0.x releases.

Comparison with Other Tools

When to use what:

• Use makemigrations --check to ensure all model changes have migrations
• Use zdm or django-migration-linter to catch unsafe migration patterns
• zdm is useful when you want to run checks in CI without setting up Django, or when you need the additional rules (NOT NULL alterations, RenameField, irreversible migrations, RemoveIndex)

License

MIT