counted-float 0.8.3

Count floating-point operations in Python code & benchmark relative flop costs.

counted-float

This Python package provides functionality for counting the number of floating point operations (FLOPs) of numerical algorithms implemented in plain Python.

The target application area are research prototypes of numerical algorithms where (weighted) flop counting can be useful for estimating total computational cost, in cases where benchmarking a compiled version (C, Rust, ...) is not feasible or desirable.

The package contains two components:

• counting: provides a CountedFloat class & flop counting context managers to count flops of code blocks.
• benchmarking: provides functionality to micro-benchmark floating point operations to get an empirical ballpark estimate of the relative cost of different operations on the target hardware. Requires 'numba' optional dependency for accurate results.

1. Installation

Use you favorite package manager such as uv or pip:

pip install counted-float           # install without numba optional dependency
pip install counted-float[numba]    # install with numba optional dependency

Numba is optional due to its relatively large size (40-50MB, including llvmlite), but without it, benchmarks will not be reliable (but will still run, but not in jit-compiled form).

2. Counting Flops

2.1. CountedFloat class

In order to instrument all floating point operations with counting functionality, the CountedFloat class was implemented, which is a drop-in replacement for the built-in float type. The CountedFloat class is a subclass of float and is "contagious", meaning that it will automatically ensure results of math operations where at least one operand is a CountedFloat will also be a CountedFloat. This way we ensure flop counting is a 'closed system'.

On top of this, we monkey-patch the math module to ensure that all math operations that require counting (sqrt, log2, pow) are also instrumented.

Example 1:

from counted_float import CountedFloat

cf = CountedFloat(1.3)
f = 2.8

result = cf + f  # result = CountedFloat(4.1)

is_float_1 = isinstance(cf, float)  # True
is_float_2 = isinstance(result, float)  # True

Example 2:

import math
from counted_float import CountedFloat

cf1 = CountedFloat(0.81)

s = math.sqrt(cf1)  # s = CountedFloat(0.9)
is_float = isinstance(s, float)  # True

2.2. FLOP counting context managers

Once we use the CountedFloat class, we can use the available context managers to count the number of flops performed by CountedFloat objects.

Example 1: basic usage

from counted_float import CountedFloat, FlopCountingContext

cf1 = CountedFloat(1.73)
cf2 = CountedFloat(2.94)

with FlopCountingContext() as ctx:
    _ = cf1 * cf2
    _ = cf1 + cf2

counts = ctx.flop_counts()   # {FlopType.MUL: 1, FlopType.ADD: 1}
counts.total_count()         # 2

Example 2: pause counting 1

from counted_float import CountedFloat, FlopCountingContext

cf1 = CountedFloat(1.73)
cf2 = CountedFloat(2.94)

with FlopCountingContext() as ctx:
    _ = cf1 * cf2
    ctx.pause()
    _ = cf1 + cf2   # will be executed but not counted
    ctx.resume()
    _ = cf1 - cf2

counts = ctx.flop_counts()   # {FlopType.MUL: 1, FlopType.SUB: 1}
counts.total_count()         # 2

Example 3: pause counting 2

from counted_float import CountedFloat, FlopCountingContext, PauseFlopCounting

cf1 = CountedFloat(1.73)
cf2 = CountedFloat(2.94)

with FlopCountingContext() as ctx:
    _ = cf1 * cf2
    with PauseFlopCounting():
        _ = cf1 + cf2   # will be executed but not counted
    _ = cf1 - cf2

counts = ctx.flop_counts()   # {FlopType.MUL: 1, FlopType.SUB: 1}
counts.total_count()         # 2

2.3. Weighted FLOP counting

The counted_float package contains a set of default, built-in FLOP weights, based on both empirical measurements and theoretical estimates of the relative cost of different floating point operations.

>>> from counted_float.config import get_flop_weights
>>> get_flop_weights().show()

{
    FlopType.ABS        [abs(x)]        :    1
    FlopType.MINUS      [-x]            :    1
    FlopType.EQUALS     [x==y]          :    1
    FlopType.GTE        [x>=y]          :    1
    FlopType.LTE        [x<=y]          :    1
    FlopType.CMP_ZERO   [x>=0]          :    1
    FlopType.RND        [round(x)]      :    1
    FlopType.ADD        [x+y]           :    1
    FlopType.SUB        [x-y]           :    1
    FlopType.MUL        [x*y]           :    1
    FlopType.DIV        [x/y]           :    3
    FlopType.SQRT       [sqrt(x)]       :    4
    FlopType.POW2       [2^x]           :   12
    FlopType.LOG2       [log2(x)]       :   15
    FlopType.POW        [x^y]           :   32
}

These weights will be used by default when extracting total weighted flop costs:

import math
from counted_float import CountedFloat, FlopCountingContext


cf1 = CountedFloat(1.73)
cf2 = CountedFloat(2.94)

with FlopCountingContext() as ctx:
    _ = cf1 + cf2
    _ = cf1 ** cf2
    _ = math.log2(cf2)
    
flop_counts = ctx.flop_counts()
total_cost = flop_counts.total_weighted_cost()  # 1 + 32 + 15 = 48

Note that the total_weighted_cost method will use the default flop weights as returned by get_flop_weights(). This can be overridden by either configure different flop weights (see next section) or by setting the weights argument of the total_weighted_cost() method.

2.4. Configuring FLOP weights

We showed earlier that the get_flop_weights() function returns the default FLOP weights. We can change this by using the set_flop_weights() function, which takes a FlopWeights object as an argument. This way we can configure flop weights that might be obtained using benchmarks run on the target hardware (see later sections).

from counted_float.config import set_flop_weights
from counted_float import FlopWeights

set_flop_weights(weights=FlopWeights(...))  # insert own weights here

2.5. Inspecting built-in data

Built-in empirical, theoretical and consensus built-in flop weights can be inspected using the following functions:

from counted_float.config import get_default_empirical_flop_weights, get_default_theoretical_flop_weights, get_default_consensus_flop_weights

>>> get_default_empirical_flop_weights(rounded=False).show()

{
    FlopType.ABS        [abs(x)]        :   0.94863
    FlopType.MINUS      [-x]            :   0.74700
    FlopType.EQUALS     [x==y]          :   0.91142
    FlopType.GTE        [x>=y]          :   0.91889
    FlopType.LTE        [x<=y]          :   0.90862
    FlopType.CMP_ZERO   [x>=0]          :   0.80503
    FlopType.RND        [round(x)]      :   1.00080
    FlopType.ADD        [x+y]           :   0.86304
    FlopType.SUB        [x-y]           :   1.19673
    FlopType.MUL        [x*y]           :   1.06232
    FlopType.DIV        [x/y]           :   3.50765
    FlopType.SQRT       [sqrt(x)]       :   2.87080
    FlopType.POW2       [2^x]           :  10.58784
    FlopType.LOG2       [log2(x)]       :  17.08929
    FlopType.POW        [x^y]           :  38.82827
}

These 3 types of built-in weights are defined as follows:

• empirical: geo-mean of the flop weights corresponding to the built-in benchmarking results
• theoretical: geo-mean of the flop weights corresponding to the built-in specification analyses (FPU instruction latencies)
• consensus: geo-mean of the empirical and theoretical flop weights

The default weights that are configured in the package are the integer-rounded consensus weights.

3. Benchmarking

If the package is installed with the optional numba dependency, it provides the ability to micro-benchmark floating point operations as follows:

>>> from counted_float.benchmarking import run_flops_benchmark
>>> results = run_flops_benchmark()

baseline                           : wwwwwwwwww....................    186.43 ns ±    0.82 ns / operation
FlopType.ABS        [abs(x)]       : wwwwwwwwww....................    300.85 ns ±    5.26 ns / operation
FlopType.CMP_ZERO   [x>=0]         : wwwwwwwwww....................    307.79 ns ±    6.65 ns / operation
FlopType.RND        [round(x)]     : wwwwwwwwww....................    307.62 ns ±    5.12 ns / operation
FlopType.MINUS      [-x]           : wwwwwwwwww....................    302.88 ns ±    4.51 ns / operation
FlopType.EQUALS     [x==y]         : wwwwwwwwww....................    328.41 ns ±    5.73 ns / operation
FlopType.GTE        [x>=y]         : wwwwwwwwww....................    326.37 ns ±    5.07 ns / operation
FlopType.LTE        [x<=y]         : wwwwwwwwww....................    322.10 ns ±    4.74 ns / operation
FlopType.ADD        [x+y]          : wwwwwwwwww....................    317.28 ns ±    9.27 ns / operation
FlopType.SUB        [x-y]          : wwwwwwwwww....................    320.05 ns ±    6.38 ns / operation
FlopType.MUL        [x*y]          : wwwwwwwwww....................    325.44 ns ±    4.00 ns / operation
FlopType.SQRT       [sqrt(x)]      : wwwwwwwwww....................    452.21 ns ±    4.32 ns / operation
FlopType.DIV        [x/y]          : wwwwwwwwww....................    482.68 ns ±    0.93 ns / operation
FlopType.POW2       [2^x]          : wwwwwwwwww....................      1.77 µs ±    0.00 µs / operation
FlopType.LOG2       [log2(x)]      : wwwwwwwwww....................      2.15 µs ±    0.01 µs / operation
FlopType.POW        [x^y]          : wwwwwwwwww....................      6.55 µs ±    0.01 µs / operation

>>> results.flop_weights.show() 

{
    FlopType.ABS        [abs(x)]        :   0.83953
    FlopType.MINUS      [-x]            :   0.85441
    FlopType.EQUALS     [x==y]          :   1.04173
    FlopType.GTE        [x>=y]          :   1.02677
    FlopType.LTE        [x<=y]          :   0.99542
    FlopType.CMP_ZERO   [x>=0]          :   0.89041
    FlopType.RND        [round(x)]      :   0.88915
    FlopType.ADD        [x+y]           :   0.96007
    FlopType.SUB        [x-y]           :   0.98034
    FlopType.MUL        [x*y]           :   1.01992
    FlopType.DIV        [x/y]           :   2.17358
    FlopType.SQRT       [sqrt(x)]       :   1.95006
    FlopType.POW2       [2^x]           :  11.65331
    FlopType.LOG2       [log2(x)]       :  14.38278
    FlopType.POW        [x^y]           :  46.72479
}

4. Known limitations

• currently any non-Python-built-in math operations are not counted (e.g. numpy)
• not all Python built-in math operations are counted (e.g. log, log10, exp, exp10)
• flop weights should be taken with a grain of salt and should only provide relative ballpark estimates w.r.t computational complexity. Production implementations in a compiled language could have vastly differing performance depending on cpu cache sizes, branch prediction misses, compiler optimizations using vector operations (AVX etc...), etc...