ductus

Gauge which parts of a text read as machine-written, and say why — with every finding anchored to the exact characters that carry it.

from ductus import gauge

report = gauge(open("draft.md").read())
report.document.label  # 'mixed-signals'
report.segments[3].lean  # +0.62  (-1 human … +1 machine)
report.segments[3].signals[0].note
# "a colon introducing a three-part parallel enumeration -- a textbook assistant construction"

pip install ductus
ductus gauge draft.md                                  # a readable diagnosis
ductus gauge draft.md --format html --out report.html  # shaded, hover for the reason
ductus gauge draft.md --format json                    # for a program

In palaeography the ductus is the characteristic manner and sequence of strokes by which a scribe's hand is recognised. This package looks for the equivalent in prose.

There is no percentage in this package, and that is the point

Every detector on the market emits a number like "87% AI". That number reads as a calibrated probability, is not one, and is how people get falsely accused. What you get here instead is three things you can argue with: a lean in [-1, +1], an evidence strength, and a coarse label. Behind each of them is a list of signals, each with a direction, a weight, the detector that produced it, a plain-language reason, and the exact span it came from.

Four things are true and belong in any report you make from this:

• Heavily-edited human writing and model-assisted writing look the same. Re-reading a hard message ten times sands off exactly the irregularity that marks it as human.
• Detectors over-flag non-native English writers — 61.3% false positives across seven commercial detectors on non-native TOEFL essays, against near-zero on native-speaker controls [1].
• Register contamination is real: people who read model output all day start writing like it, unassisted.
• No detector survives a motivated adversary, and that is a proven result rather than a gap in current tooling [2].

So this package describes text. It does not make claims about people, and it should not be used to.

And this package's own false-positive rate is not small

It would be cheap to quote other people's numbers and not measure our own. Across 350 human-written texts with known proficiency levels, the shipped defaults call a document leans-machine — always wrongly, every text in that corpus was written by a person — this often:

Two things to take from that. A single flagged sentence is much better evidence than a flagged document, because a long document accumulates chances to trip one rule. And the bias here does not run the way the literature predicts: it tracks formal, fluent, essayistic writing rather than simple writing, because the deterministic detectors look for rhetorical constructions that good writers also use. The full measurement, including how much worse this was before Phase 2, is in phase-2-results.md.

What it looks at

Four detectors ship, all deterministic, all free, none needing a model or a key.

Note that several of these argue for a human. A detector that can only ever accuse is not a measuring instrument. In practice the mechanical signals are often the most decisive thing in a file, in either direction.

The deterministic pass finds phrases, artifacts and a few shapes. It cannot find prose that is machine-written and bland — for that a model has to read it, which is what the shipped agent skills are for.

Two model-based detectors also ship, behind the [local] extra and off by default:

pip install "ductus[local]"
ductus gauge draft.md --detectors fast-detect-gpt,binoculars

They stay opt-in because they need torch and a model download, which the default must not. But if you have installed the extra, turn them on — at their default models. Measured against a second fixture whose machine text was not written to blend into its surroundings, they find 12 of 75 machine-written sentences at 86% precision where the deterministic set finds 0 of 75 — and they falsely accuse human writers far less often than the deterministic default does (6.3% of 350 human texts for binoculars, against 20.6%).

Do not assume a bigger proxy model is an upgrade. A stronger Binoculars pair was measured, found more machine text on both fixtures, and nearly doubled its false accusations on human writing — so the defaults stayed where they were. If you change model=, observer= or performer=, re-run python misc/measure_false_positives.py --pair-check for your pair. The numbers, including the unflattering ones, are in phase-1-results.md and phase-2-results.md; why a continuous score becomes a banded signal rather than a weight is curvature-as-evidence.md.

Note what they do not do: they compare passages within a document and so cannot say whether a whole text is machine-written. Answering that honestly needs a calibration this package does not have yet.

How it fits together

flowchart TD
  TXT["<b>text</b>"] --> SEG["<b>segmenter=</b><br/>paragraph · sentence · document"]
  SEG -->|"Spans — offsets + quote/prefix/suffix"| DET["<b>detectors=</b><br/>tells · forensic · rhetoric · rhythm<br/><i>opt-in: fast-detect-gpt · binoculars</i>"]
  DET -->|"Signals — direction · weight · reason · span"| AGG["<b>aggregate=</b><br/>lean · strength · label"]
  JUD["an agent's reading<br/><code>--judgments</code>"] -.->|"more Signals"| AGG
  AGG --> REP["<b>Report</b>"]
  REP --> MD["<b>to_markdown()</b><br/>a diagnosis to read"]
  REP --> HTML["<b>to_html()</b><br/>a page to hover"]
  REP --> JSON["<b>to_json()</b><br/>a structure to build on"]

  classDef seam fill:#fdf0dc,stroke:#d89a3f,color:#1a1a18;
  classDef out fill:#e9f1fa,stroke:#6f9ecb,color:#1a1a18;
  classDef plain fill:#f5f5f1,stroke:#b8b8ac,color:#1a1a18;
  class SEG,DET,AGG seam;
  class MD,HTML,JSON out;
  class TXT,REP,JUD plain;

The three amber boxes are the seams — each is one keyword argument. Everything below Report is a renderer, and renderers are pure functions of it: nothing in the analysis knows or cares which one you call, and adding a fourth changes nothing upstream.

Renderings

One analysis, three outputs. Pick by who is reading.

The HTML rendering

Hover (or keyboard-focus) any highlight and the reason appears beside it — which detector fired, which direction it argues, and what it weighs. Paragraphs carry a left border and a lean badge; the bar under each one is its evidence, one segment per signal.

Two deliberate choices, both from the annotation-systems research in misc/docs/research/:

• Hue encodes score, and only score. A perceptually-uniform ramp, warm for machine-leaning and cool for human-leaning, with lightness re-clamped per theme so it works in light and dark mode. Overlap is shown structurally, in the lane under the paragraph, never by blending colours — stacking translucent fills is what makes overlapping highlights unreadable.
• The reason is anchored to the highlight, not parked in a corner, so the eye does not have to leave the text to find out why. Below 640px it falls back to a bottom sheet.

The GIF above was recorded with walkthru driving a real browser — the script is misc/demo/make_gif.py, and it is the whole pipeline: measure where the highlights are, build a demo document whose camera zooms to them, play it against a recording page, render the capture to a GIF.

Agent skills

The primary surface. Two skills and a subagent ship inside the package and install with one command:

ductus install-skills --write          # links them into ~/.claude/skills

• ductus — what may and may not be claimed from a text, and which task is which.
• ductus-gauge — the full reading: the deterministic scan, then a judgment pass with rubrics for the nine machine-leaning and six human-leaning shapes that regular expressions miss, then the write-up.
• ductus-reader (subagent) — does the whole reading in its own context and returns a finished diagnosis.

An agent's own reading folds back in beside the deterministic signals, anchored by quote:

ductus gauge draft.md --judgments judgments.json --format html --out report.html

A quote that no longer occurs is dropped rather than mis-anchored, so re-running after an edit is safe.

Seams

Three, each one keyword argument, each defaulting to something that genuinely works:

gauge(text, segmenter="sentence")  # or "paragraph", "document", or a callable
gauge(
    text, detectors=["forensic", "rhetoric"]
)  # or your own (text, span) -> Iterator[Signal]
gauge(text, aggregate=my_scorer)  # (signals, *, n_chars) -> (lean, strength, label)

The aggregate= default is density_aggregate, which divides evidence by how much text produced it: two stray signals mean something different in 600 characters than in 3000. The length-blind aggregate it replaced is still exported, and the measurement that chose between them is in phase-2-results.md — it cut false accusations on human text from 34.3% to 20.6% at no measured cost in findings.

A detector is a plain function (text, span) -> Iterator[Signal]. Fast-DetectGPT and Binoculars are exactly that and nothing more — ductus/curvature.py adds no base class, no core change and no import cost. A vendor API would be one more function of the same shape; see the roadmap.

DETECTORS is the registry of everything nameable; DEFAULT_DETECTORS is what detectors=None means. They are deliberately different lists — a detector joins the default by beating what is already there on tests/fixtures/mixed_authorship.json, which python misc/measure_detectors.py measures.

For long documents, iter_segments is the streaming core and gauge is the batch facade over it.

Spans survive editing

Every Span carries character offsets and the W3C Web Annotation redundant selectors (quote, prefix, suffix), because plain offsets do not survive an edit to the text. That is what lets a viewer re-find a finding after the document changed, and what a future edit-and-re-score UI is built on.

Relationship to deslop

ductus is the read side: where does this text read as machine-written, and why. acquaint's deslop is the write side: make my draft not read that way, in my voice, calibrated to this reader. They share this package's tells catalogue — acquaint imports it — and compose naturally: gauge, deslop the flagged spans, gauge again.

They are separate packages because they have different inputs. deslop needs a model of the reader; ductus must work on a stranger's text with nothing but the text.

Install

pip install ductus              # the core: pyyaml and cw, nothing else
pip install "ductus[local]"     # + Fast-DetectGPT and Binoculars: offline, no API key, opt-in
pip install "ductus[api]"       # + vendor detector adapters

References

[1] Liang W, Yuksekgonul M, Mao Y, Wu E, Zou J. GPT detectors are biased against non-native English writers. Patterns 2023.

[2] Sadasivan VS, Kumar A, Balasubramanian S, Wang W, Feizi S. Can AI-Generated Text be Reliably Detected?

[3] Sanderson R, Ciccarese P, Young B. Web Annotation Data Model. W3C Recommendation, 2017.

[4] Tolstykh I, et al. LLMTrace: A Corpus for Classification and Fine-Grained Localization of AI-Written Text. arXiv:2509.21269. — the ground-truth fixture in tests/fixtures/ is a slice of this, Apache-2.0.