md-reheader 0.1.2

Restore heading hierarchy in markdown documents using a fine-tuned Qwen3-0.6B model

md-reheader

Restore heading hierarchy in markdown documents using a fine-tuned 0.6B parameter LLM.

PDF-to-markdown tools like MinerU, Docling, and Marker often flatten heading structure. You get this:

# API Reference
# Authentication
# Endpoints
# Users
# List Users
# Get User by ID
# Projects
# List Projects
# Error Handling

md-reheader restores the correct hierarchy:

# API Reference
## Authentication
## Endpoints
### Users
#### List Users
#### Get User by ID
### Projects
#### List Projects
## Error Handling

Installation

pip install md-reheader

Requires Python 3.12+ and PyTorch. Works on both CPU and GPU.

Quick Start

From a file

from pathlib import Path
from md_reheader.inference.predict import load_model, reheader_document

model, tokenizer = load_model("joelbarmettlerUZH/md-reheader")

markdown = Path("document.md").read_text()
fixed = reheader_document(markdown, model, tokenizer)
Path("document_fixed.md").write_text(fixed)

From a string

from md_reheader.inference.predict import load_model, reheader_document

model, tokenizer = load_model("joelbarmettlerUZH/md-reheader")

flat_markdown = """\
# Introduction
# Background
# Related Work
# Methods
# Data Collection
# Preprocessing
# Model Architecture
# Results
# Discussion
# Conclusion
"""

fixed = reheader_document(flat_markdown, model, tokenizer)
print(fixed)
# # Introduction
# ## Background
# ### Related Work
# ## Methods
# ### Data Collection
# ### Preprocessing
# ### Model Architecture
# ## Results
# ## Discussion
# ## Conclusion

Post-processing MinerU / Docling output

# After running MinerU or Docling on a PDF:
from md_reheader.inference.predict import load_model, reheader_document

model, tokenizer = load_model("joelbarmettlerUZH/md-reheader")

# MinerU outputs markdown with flat headings
mineru_output = open("output/paper.md").read()

# Fix the heading hierarchy
fixed = reheader_document(mineru_output, model, tokenizer)

with open("output/paper_fixed.md", "w") as f:
    f.write(fixed)

GPU vs CPU

# GPU (recommended for batch processing)
model, tokenizer = load_model("joelbarmettlerUZH/md-reheader", device="cuda")

# CPU (no GPU required, slower)
model, tokenizer = load_model("joelbarmettlerUZH/md-reheader", device="cpu")

Speed

Benchmarked on a single NVIDIA RTX 4090 (BF16) and CPU (float32):

Document size	GPU (RTX 4090)	CPU
< 1k tokens	0.4s	5s
1k-2k tokens	0.8s	10s
2k-4k tokens	1.4s	~20s
4k-8k tokens	3.4s	~60s

The model processes documents up to 8k tokens (after preprocessing). Longer documents are automatically truncated.

Evaluation

Evaluated on 7,321 test documents from GitHub markdown files and Wikipedia articles:

Metric	All-H1 baseline	Heuristic	md-reheader
Exact match	0.0%	14.5%	56.1%
Per-heading accuracy	13.1%	49.1%	80.6%
Hierarchy preservation	61.3%	68.6%	91.0%
Mean absolute error	1.38	0.62	0.22

Per-level accuracy

	H1	H2	H3	H4	H5	H6
Accuracy	77%	85%	78%	68%	45%	50%

The model is strongest on H1-H3 headings (77-85% accuracy) and still significantly outperforms baselines on deeper levels. Most errors on H4-H6 are off-by-one — the relative structure is preserved even when the absolute level is shifted.

By document depth

Max heading depth	Exact match	Per-heading accuracy	Hierarchy
Depth 2 (flat)	83%	91%	95%
Depth 3	54%	82%	90%
Depth 4	32%	70%	88%
Depth 5-6	33%	65%	89%

By source

Source	Exact match	Per-heading accuracy
GitHub markdown	49.5%	74.0%
Wikipedia	71.3%	95.5%

How It Works

1. Extract headings from the document using markdown-it-py (CommonMark parser, correctly skips code blocks)
2. Flatten all headings to # (level 1) — the model should not trust input heading levels
3. Strip body text to first 128 + last 128 tokens per section — preserves structural cues without bloating context
4. Predict heading levels using the fine-tuned Qwen3-0.6B model
5. Apply predicted levels back to the original document

The model outputs headings with correct # prefixes (e.g., ## Methods, ### Data Collection), leveraging pretraining knowledge about heading semantics.

Limitations

• Deep nesting (H5/H6): Accuracy drops to 45-50%. The model preserves relative structure but tends to compress deep hierarchies by 1-2 levels.
• Ambiguous structure: Heading levels are inherently subjective. The model learns common conventions but cannot resolve genuine ambiguity.
• Long documents: Documents exceeding ~8k tokens after stripping are truncated from the end. Headings beyond the cutoff retain their original levels.

Training

The model is a fine-tuned Qwen/Qwen3-0.6B trained on ~197k markdown documents:

• codeparrot/github-code: ~105k markdown files from GitHub repositories
• euirim/goodwiki: ~45k Wikipedia articles
• Deep documents (depth 4+) oversampled 2-8x to address class imbalance

Trained with Axolotl on 2x RTX 4090 using DDP, BF16, 8k sequence length with sample packing.

Reproducing

git clone https://github.com/joelbarmettlerUZH/md-reheader.git
cd md-reheader

uv sync --extra train    # install training dependencies
make download             # download raw data (~150k documents)
make prepare              # strip, flatten, oversample, format
make train                # train on 2x GPU
make eval                 # evaluate on test set

License

Code and model weights: Apache 2.0

Training data includes Wikipedia content (CC BY-SA 4.0) and GitHub repositories (various open-source licenses).

Citation

@software{barmettler2026mdreheader,
  author = {Barmettler, Joel},
  title = {md-reheader: Restoring Heading Hierarchy in Markdown Documents},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://github.com/joelbarmettlerUZH/md-reheader}
}