nsbc 1.2.3

n-SBC: A novel machine learning model

n-SBC

A novel machine learning classifier based on Hamming similarity over Gray-coded binary representations. Scikit-learn compatible. n-SBC is a lazy learner: it stores the entire training set encoded as Gray-coded binary vectors. At prediction time, it computes the Hamming similarity between a new sample and every training sample, sums the top-u similarities per class, and predicts the class with the highest aggregate similarity. The Gray code encoding ensures that numerically close values differ by only one bit, preserving ordinal relationships in the binary representation.

Velazquez-Gonzalez, O., Alarcon-Paredes, A., & Yanez-Marquez, C. (2026). Medical pattern classification using a novel binary similarity approach based on an associative classifier. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 8. DOI: 10.3389/frai.2025.1610856

Installation

pip install nsbc

Quick Start

from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from nsbc import NSBCClassifier

X, y = load_iris(return_X_y=True)
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.3, random_state=42)

clf = NSBCClassifier(n_value=3, decimals=2, factor=10)
clf.fit(X_train, y_train)

print(f"Accuracy: {clf.score(X_test, y_test):.2%}")

Parameters

Parameter	Type	Default	Description
n_value	int	3	Number of top-u similar samples per class
decimals	int	2	Decimal places for rounding during normalization
factor	int	10	Multiplicative factor applied after rounding

Explainability

predict_explain() returns a ZMatrix with the full similarity matrix, per-class scores, and per-feature importances:

result = clf.predict_explain(X_test)

# Feature importances for a single prediction
imp = result.feature_importances[0]
order = np.argsort(-imp)
for i in order:
    print(f"{feature_names[i]}: {imp[i]:.4f}")

result.global_feature_importances

Visualize which training samples are most similar and why:

from nsbc.tools import plot_z_scores, plot_feature_importances

fig, ax = plot_z_scores(result, sample_idx=0, y_train=y_train)

# Global feature importances
fig, ax = plot_feature_importances(result, feature_names=feature_names)

Examples

• Basic usage: train, predict, evaluate with LOOCV
• Explainability: Z-matrix, feature importances, similarity plots

Citation

If you use n-SBC in your research, please cite:

@article{velazquez2026nsbc,
  title={Medical pattern classification using a novel binary similarity approach based on an associative classifier},
  author={Velazquez-Gonzalez, Osvaldo and Alarc{\'o}n-Paredes, Antonio and Ya{\~n}ez-Marquez, Cornelio},
  journal={Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence},
  volume={8},
  year={2026},
  month={1},
  doi={10.3389/frai.2025.1610856}
}

Contributing

See CONTRIBUTING.md for guidelines on reporting bugs, suggesting features, and submitting pull requests.

License

MIT -- see LICENSE for details.