Python Rate-Limiter using Leaky-Bucket Algorithm
Project description
PyrateLimiter
The request rate limiter using Leaky-bucket algorithm.
Full project documentation can be found at pyratelimiter.readthedocs.io.
Contents
Features
- Tracks any number of rate limits and intervals you want to define
- Independently tracks rate limits for multiple services or resources
- Handles exceeded rate limits by either raising errors or adding delays
- Several usage options including a normal function call, a decorator
- Out-of-the-box workable with both sync & async
- Includes optional SQLite and Redis backends, which can be used to persist limit tracking across multiple threads, or application restarts
Installation
PyrateLimiter supports python ^3.8
Install using pip:
pip install pyrate-limiter
Or using conda:
conda install --channel conda-forge pyrate-limiter
Quickstart
Let's say you want to limit 5 requests over 2 seconds, and raise an exception if the limit is exceeded:
from pyrate_limiter import Duration, Rate, InMemoryBucket, Limiter, BucketFullException
rates = [Rate(5, Duration.SECOND * 2)]
bucket = InMemoryBucket(rates)
limiter = Limiter(bucket)
for request in range(6):
try:
limiter.try_acquire(request)
except BucketFullException as err:
print(err)
print(err.meta_info)
# True
# True
# True
# True
# True
# Bucket for item=5 with Rate limit=5/2.0s is already full
# {'error': 'Bucket for item=5 with Rate limit=5/2.0s is already full', 'name': 5, 'weight': 1, 'rate': 'limit=5/2.0s'}
Basic Usage
Key concepts
Clock
- Timestamp items
Bucket
- Hold items with timestamps.
- Behave like a FIFO queue
- It can
leak
- popping items that are no longer relevant out of the queue
BucketFactory
- BucketFactory keeps references to buckets & clocks: determine the exact time that items arrive then route them to their corresponding buckets
- Help schedule background tasks to run buckets'
leak
periodically to make sure buckets will not explode from containing too many items - Where user define his own logic: routing, condition-checking, timing etc...
Limiter
The Limiter's most important responsibility is to make user's life as easiest as possible:
- Sums up all the underlying logic to a simple, intuitive API to work with
- Handles async/sync context seamlessly (everything just
works
by adding/removingasync/await
keyword to the user's code) - Provides different ways of interacting with the underlying BucketFactory (plain method call, decorator, context-manager (TBA))
- Provides thread-safety using RLock
Defining rate limits and buckets
Consider some public API (like LinkedIn, GitHub, etc.) that has rate limits like the following:
- 500 requests per hour
- 1000 requests per day
- 10000 requests per month
You can define these rates using the Rate
class. Rate
class has 2 properties only: limit and interval
from pyrate_limiter import Duration, Rate
hourly_rate = Rate(500, Duration.HOUR) # 500 requests per hour
daily_rate = Rate(1000, Duration.DAY) # 1000 requests per day
monthly_rate = Rate(10000, Duration.WEEK * 4) # 10000 requests per month
rates = [hourly_rate, daily_rate, monthly_rate]
Rates must be properly ordered:
- Rates' intervals & limits must be ordered from least to greatest
- Rates' ratio of limit/interval must be ordered from greatest to least
Existing implementations of Bucket come with rate-validation when init. If you are to use your own implementation, use the validator provided by the lib
from pyrate_limiter import validate_rate_list
assert validate_rate_list(my_rates)
Then, add the rates to the bucket of your choices
from pyrate_limiter import InMemoryBucket, RedisBucket
basic_bucket = InMemoryBucket(rates)
# Or, using redis
from redis import Redis
redis_connection = Redis(host='localhost')
redis_bucket = RedisBucket.init(rates, redis_connection, "my-bucket-name")
# Async Redis would work too!
from redis.asyncio import Redis
redis_connection = Redis(host='localhost')
redis_bucket = await RedisBucket.init(rates, redis_connection, "my-bucket-name")
If you only need a single Bucket for everything, and python's built-in time()
is enough for you, then pass the bucket to Limiter then ready to roll!
from pyrate_limiter import Limiter
# Limiter constructor accepts single bucket as the only parameter,
# the rest are 3 optional parameters with default values as following
# Limiter(bucket, clock=TimeClock(), raise_when_fail=True, max_delay=None)
limiter = Limiter(bucket)
# Limiter is now ready to work!
limiter.try_acquire("hello world")
If you want to have finer grain control with routing & clocks etc, then you should use BucketFactory
.
Defining Clock & routing logic with BucketFactory
If you need more than one type of Bucket, and be able to route items to different buckets based on some condition, you can use BucketFactory to do that.
From the above steps, you already have your buckets. Now it's time to define what Time
is (funny?!). Most of the time (again!?), you can use the existing Clock backend provided by pyrate_limiter.
from pyrate_limiter.clock import TimeClock, MonotonicClock, SQLiteClock
base_clock = TimeClock()
PyrateLimiter makes no assumption about users logic, so to map coming items to their correct buckets, implement your own BucketFactory class! At minimum, there are only 2 methods require implementing
from pyrate_limiter import BucketFactory
from pyrate_limiter import AbstractBucket
class MyBucketFactory(BucketFactory):
# You can use constructor here,
# nor it requires to make bucket-factory work!
def wrap_item(self, name: str, weight: int = 1) -> RateItem:
"""Time-stamping item, return a RateItem"""
now = clock.now()
return RateItem(name, now, weight=weight)
def get(self, _item: RateItem) -> AbstractBucket:
"""For simplicity's sake, all items route to the same, single bucket"""
return bucket
Wrapping all up with Limiter
Pass your bucket-factory to Limiter, and ready to roll!
from pyrate_limiter import Limiter
limiter = Limiter(
bucket_factory,
raise_when_fail=False, # Default = True
max_delay=1000, # Default = None
)
item = "the-earth"
limiter.try_acquire(item)
heavy_item = "the-sun"
limiter.try_acquire(heavy_item, weight=10000)
If your bucket's backend is async
, well, we got you covered! Passing await
to the limiter is enought to make it scream!
await limiter.try_acquire(item)
Alternatively, you can use Limiter.try_acquire
as a function decorator. But you have to provide a mapping
function that map the wrapped function's arguments to a proper limiter.try_acquire
argument - which is a tuple of (str, int)
or just str
my_beautiful_decorator = limiter.as_decorator()
def mapping(some_number: int):
return str(some_number)
@my_beautiful_decorator(mapping)
def request_function(some_number: int):
requests.get('https://example.com')
# Async would work too!
@my_beautiful_decorator(mapping)
async def async_request_function(some_number: int):
requests.get('https://example.com')
Weight
Item can have weight. By default item's weight = 1, but you can modify the weight before passing to limiter.try_acquire
.
Item with weight W > 1 when consumed will be multiplied to (W) items with the same timestamp and weight = 1. Example with a big item with weight W=5, when put to bucket, it will be divided to 5 items with weight=1 + following names
BigItem(weight=5, name="item", timestamp=100) => [
item(weight=1, name="item", timestamp=100),
item(weight=1, name="item", timestamp=100),
item(weight=1, name="item", timestamp=100),
item(weight=1, name="item", timestamp=100),
item(weight=1, name="item", timestamp=100),
]
Yet, putting this big, heavy item into bucket is expected to be transactional & atomic - meaning either all 5 items will be consumed or none of them will. This is made possible as bucket put(item)
always check for available space before ingesting. All of the Bucket's implementations provided by PyrateLimiter follows this rule.
Any additional, custom implementation of Bucket are expected to behave alike - as we have unit tests to cover the case.
See Additional usage options below for more details.
Handling exceeded limits
When a rate limit is exceeded, you have two options: raise an exception, or add delays.
Bucket analogy
At this point it's useful to introduce the analogy of "buckets" used for rate-limiting. Here is a quick summary:
- This library implements the Leaky Bucket algorithm.
- It is named after the idea of representing some kind of fixed capacity -- like a network or service -- as a bucket.
- The bucket "leaks" at a constant rate. For web services, this represents the ideal or permitted request rate.
- The bucket is "filled" at an intermittent, unpredicatble rate, representing the actual rate of requests.
- When the bucket is "full", it will overflow, representing canceled or delayed requests.
- Item can have weight. Consuming a single item with weight W > 1 is the same as consuming W smaller, unit items - each with weight=1, with the same timestamp and maybe same name (depending on however user choose to implement it)
Rate limit exceptions
By default, a BucketFullException
will be raised when a rate limit is exceeded.
The error contains a meta_info
attribute with the following information:
name
: The name of item it receivedweight
: The weight of item it receivedrate
: The specific rate that has been exceeded
Here's an example that will raise an exception on the 4th request:
rate = Rate(3, Duration.SECOND)
bucket = InMemoryBucket([rate])
clock = TimeClock()
class MyBucketFactory(BucketFactory):
def wrap_item(self, name: str, weight: int = 1) -> RateItem:
"""Time-stamping item, return a RateItem"""
now = clock.now()
return RateItem(name, now, weight=weight)
def get(self, _item: RateItem) -> AbstractBucket:
"""For simplicity's sake, all items route to the same, single bucket"""
return bucket
limiter = Limiter(MyBucketFactory())
for _ in range(4):
try:
limiter.try_acquire('item', weight=2)
except BucketFullException as err:
print(err)
# Output: Bucket with Rate 3/1.0s is already full
print(err.meta_info)
# Output: {'name': 'item', 'weight': 2, 'rate': '3/1.0s', 'error': 'Bucket with Rate 3/1.0s is already full'}
The rate part of the output is constructed as: limit / interval
. On the above example, the limit
is 3 and the interval is 1, hence the Rate 3/1
.
Rate limit delays
You may want to simply slow down your requests to stay within the rate limits instead of canceling
them. In that case you pass the max_delay
argument the maximum value of delay (typically in ms when use human-clock).
limiter = Limiter(factory, max_delay=500) # Allow to delay up to 500ms
As max_delay
has been passed as a numeric value, when ingesting item, limiter will:
- First, try to ingest such item using the routed bucket
- If it fails to put item into the bucket, it will call
wait(item)
on the bucket to see how much time remains until the bucket can consume the item again? - Comparing the
wait
value to themax_delay
. - if
max_delay
>=wait
: delay (wait + 50ms as latency-tolerance) using eitherasyncio.sleep
ortime.sleep
until the bucket can consume again - if
max_delay
<wait
: it raisesLimiterDelayException
if Limiter'sraise_when_fail=True
, otherwise silently fail and return False
Example:
from pyrate_limiter import LimiterDelayException
for _ in range(4):
try:
limiter.try_acquire('item', weight=2, max_delay=200)
except LimiterDelayException as err:
print(err)
# Output:
# Actual delay exceeded allowance: actual=500, allowed=200
# Bucket for 'item' with Rate 3/1.0s is already full
print(err.meta_info)
# Output: {'name': 'item', 'weight': 2, 'rate': '3/1.0s', 'max_delay': 200, 'actual_delay': 500}
Backends
A few different bucket backends are available:
- InMemoryBucket using python built-in list as bucket
- RedisBucket, using err... redis, with both async/sync support
- SQLite, using sqlite3
InMemoryBucket
The default bucket is stored in memory, using python list
from pyrate_limiter import InMemoryBucket, Rate, Duration
rates = [Rate(5, Duration.MINUTE * 2)]
bucket = InMemoryBucket(rates)
This bucket only availabe in sync
mode. The only constructor argument is List[Rate]
.
RedisBucket
RedisBucket uses Sorted-Set
to store items with key being item's name and score item's timestamp
Because it is intended to work with both async & sync, we provide a classmethod init
for it
from pyrate_limiter import RedisBucket, Rate, Duration
# Using synchronous redis
from redis import ConnectionPool
from redis import Redis
rates = [Rate(5, Duration.MINUTE * 2)]
pool = ConnectionPool.from_url("redis://localhost:6379")
redis_db = Redis(connection_pool=pool)
bucket_key = "bucket-key"
bucket = RedisBucket.init(rates, redis_db, bucket_key)
# Using asynchronous redis
from redis.asyncio import ConnectionPool as AsyncConnectionPool
from redis.asyncio import Redis as AsyncRedis
pool = AsyncConnectionPool.from_url("redis://localhost:6379")
redis_db = AsyncRedis(connection_pool=pool)
bucket_key = "bucket-key"
bucket = await RedisBucket.init(rates, redis_db, bucket_key)
The API are the same, regardless of sync/async. If AsyncRedis is being used, calling await bucket.method_name(args)
would just work!
SQLiteBucket
If you need to persist the bucket state, a SQLite backend is available.
Manully create a connection to Sqlite and pass it along with the table name to the bucket class:
from pyrate_limiter import SQLiteBucket, Rate, Duration
import sqlite3
rates = [Rate(5, Duration.MINUTE * 2)]
conn = sqlite3.connect(
"/var/mydb.sqlite",
isolation_level="EXCLUSIVE",
check_same_thread=False,
)
table = "my-bucket-table"
bucket = SQLiteBucket(rates, conn, table)
Decorator
Limiter can be used as decorator, but you have to provide a mapping
function that maps the wrapped function's arguments to limiter.try_acquire
function arguments. The mapping function must return either a tuple of (str, int)
or just a str
The decorator can work with both sync & async function
decorator = limiter.as_decorator()
def mapping(*args, **kwargs):
return "demo", 1
@decorator(mapping)
def handle_something(*args, **kwargs):
"""function logic"""
@decorator(mapping)
async def handle_something_async(*args, **kwargs):
"""function logic"""
Advance Usage
Component level diagram
Time sources
Time source can be anything from anywhere: be it python's built-in time, or monotonic clock, sqliteclock, or crawling from world time server(well we don't have that, but you can!).
from pyrate_limiter import TimeClock # use python' time.time()
from pyrate_limiter import MonotonicClock # use python time.monotonic()
Clock's abstract interface only requires implementing a method now() -> int
. And it can be both sync or async.
Leaking
Typically bucket should not hold items forever. Bucket's abstract interface requires its implementation must be provided with leak(current_timestamp: Optional[int] = None)
.
The leak
method when called is expected to remove any items considered outdated at that moment. During Limiter lifetime, all the buckets' leak
should be called periodically.
BucketFactory provide a method called schedule_leak
to help deal with this matter. Basically, it will run 1(one) background task for a specific bucket, where interval between leak
call by default is the bucket's longest rate's interval * 2.
# Runnning a background task (whether it is sync/async - doesnt matter)
# calling the bucket's leak, using the clock as `bucket.leak(clock.now())`
# interval between call = bucket.rates[-1].interval * 2 (ms)
factory.schedule_leak(bucket, clock)
You can change this calling interval by overriding BucketFactory's leak_interval
. For example, use the first rate's interval or a fixed value
class MyBucketFactory(BucketFactory):
... other implementations
def leak_interval(self, bucket):
if isinstance(bucket, InMemoryBucket):
return bucket.rates[0].interval
if isinstance(bucket, RedisBucket):
return 10_000
return super().leak_interval()
When dealing with leak using BucketFactory, the author's suggestion is, we can be pythonic about this by implementing a constructor
class MyBucketFactory(BucketFactory):
def constructor(self, clock, buckets):
self.clock = clock
self.buckets = buckets
for bucket in buckets:
self.schedule_leak(bucket, clock)
Concurrency
Generally, Lock is provided at Limiter's level, except SQLiteBucket case.
Custom backends
If these don't suit your needs, you can also create your own bucket backend by implementing pyrate_limiter.AbstractBucket
class.
One of PyrateLimiter design goals is powerful extensibility and maximum ease of development.
It must be not only be a ready-to-use tool, but also a guide-line, or a framework that help implementing new features/bucket free of the most hassles.
Due to the composition nature of the library, it is possbile to write minimum code and validate the result:
- Fork the repo
- Implement your bucket with
pyrate_limiter.AbstractBucket
- Add your own
create_bucket
method intests/conftest.py
and pass it to thecreate_bucket
fixture - Run the test suite to validate the result
If the tests pass through, then you are just good to go with your new, fancy bucket!
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