rsqlx

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Async PostgreSQL / MySQL / SQLite driver for Python, powered by Rust's sqlx and exposed as a native extension via PyO3 — the same approach as orjson: Rust core, Python surface.

Every query runs on a shared multi-threaded Tokio runtime; the GIL is released while waiting for the database, so concurrent tasks and threads run in parallel.

Author: Yingzi yingzilkq@163.com
Source: https://gitee.com/yingzi_shadow/rsqlx
License: MIT OR Apache-2.0

Features

One interface for PostgreSQL, MySQL and SQLite
Connection pooling (min/max connections, acquire timeout, idle timeout, max lifetime)
Transactions with async with (auto-commit on success, auto-rollback on exception)
execute_many rewrites single-row INSERTs into a multi-row INSERT — two orders of magnitude faster
execute_raw / fetch_raw use the COM_QUERY protocol for stored procedures and DDL that the prepared-statement protocol doesn't support
Migrations (sqlx-compatible <N>_<name>.up.sql files)
Full type mapping: datetime, Decimal, UUID, JSON, bytes, PG arrays
Exception hierarchy rooted at rsqlx.Error

Installation

Pre-built wheels:

Platform	Architectures
Linux (glibc ≥ 2.28)	x86_64, aarch64
Windows 10+	x86_64, ARM64
macOS 11+	x86_64, arm64

Each (platform, arch) wheel works for CPython 3.9–3.13.

TLS: rustls + ring (pure Rust, no system OpenSSL). SQLite: statically linked via libsqlite3-sys. Zero system dependencies on the user side.

pip install rsqlx

Build from source (requires Rust and maturin):

pip install maturin
maturin build --release -o dist
pip install dist/rsqlx-*.whl

# For local development:
maturin develop --release

Quickstart

All three databases share the same connect() / Pool / Transaction API. Connection strings follow the sqlx convention:

# SQLite:     "sqlite:app.db" (file) or "sqlite::memory:" (in-memory) — placeholders: ?
# PostgreSQL: "postgres://user:pass@localhost:5432/db"               — placeholders: $1, $2, ...
# MySQL:      "mysql://user:pass@localhost:3306/db?ssl-mode=disabled" — placeholders: ?
#             (add ?ssl-mode=disabled when the server's TLS is incompatible with rustls)
import asyncio
import rsqlx

SQLite

import asyncio
import rsqlx

async def main():
    pool = await rsqlx.connect("sqlite::memory:", max_connections=5)

    await pool.execute(
        "CREATE TABLE users (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, name TEXT, age INT)"
    )

    # execute returns ExecuteResult(rows_affected, last_insert_id)
    res = await pool.execute("INSERT INTO users (name, age) VALUES (?, ?)", ["Alice", 30])
    print(res.rows_affected, res.last_insert_id)            # 1 1

    # fetch returns list[dict]
    rows = await pool.fetch("SELECT * FROM users WHERE age > ?", [18])
    print(rows)                                            # [{'id': 1, 'name': 'Alice', 'age': 30}]

    # single-row helpers
    user  = await pool.fetch_one("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ?", [1])        # raises RowNotFound if no row
    maybe = await pool.fetch_optional("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ?", [99])  # None

    # transaction: commit on normal exit, rollback on exception
    async with await pool.begin() as tx:
        await tx.execute("INSERT INTO users (name, age) VALUES (?, ?)", ["Bob", 25])

    await pool.close()

asyncio.run(main())

PostgreSQL

import asyncio
import rsqlx

async def main():
    pool = await rsqlx.connect("postgres://user:pass@localhost:5432/db", max_connections=5)

    await pool.execute(
        "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users ("
        "id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT, age INT, tags TEXT[])"
    )

    await pool.execute("INSERT INTO users (name, age) VALUES ($1, $2)", ["Alice", 30])

    # homogeneous scalar lists bind as native PG arrays (None elements preserved)
    await pool.execute(
        "INSERT INTO users (name, age, tags) VALUES ($1, $2, $3)",
        ["Bob", 25, ["python", "rust", None]],
    )

    user = await pool.fetch_one("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = $1", [1])
    print(user["tags"])                                    # ['python', 'rust', None]

    # batch — single-row INSERT is auto-rewritten to a multi-row INSERT
    await pool.execute_many(
        "INSERT INTO users (name, age) VALUES ($1, $2)",
        [["Carol", 28], ["Dave", 40]],
    )

    await pool.close()

asyncio.run(main())

MySQL

import asyncio
import rsqlx

async def main():
    # add ?ssl-mode=disabled when the server's TLS is incompatible with rustls
    # (common with MySQL 8 default cipher configuration)
    pool = await rsqlx.connect(
        "mysql://user:pass@localhost:3306/db?ssl-mode=disabled", max_connections=5
    )

    await pool.execute(
        "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users ("
        "id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR(64), age INT)"
    )

    await pool.execute("INSERT INTO users (name, age) VALUES (?, ?)", ["Alice", 30])
    rows = await pool.fetch("SELECT * FROM users WHERE age > ?", [18])

    # stored procedures, multi-statement scripts and other non-prepared
    # statements use the raw protocol (execute_raw / fetch_raw)
    await pool.execute_raw("DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS sp_hello")
    await pool.execute_raw(
        "CREATE PROCEDURE sp_hello(IN n VARCHAR(64)) BEGIN SELECT n; END"
    )
    await pool.execute("CALL sp_hello(?)", ["world"])

    await pool.close()

asyncio.run(main())

Migrations

# Run sqlx-style migration files from a directory (applied once, then idempotent):
#   migrations/0001_init.up.sql
#   migrations/0002_seed.up.sql
await pool.migrate("migrations")

Placeholders

Use the database's native style: $1, $2, ... for PostgreSQL, ? for MySQL and SQLite. Multi-row INSERT rewrites ? to the correct format automatically.

API Reference

`rsqlx.connect(url, *, min_connections=None, max_connections=None, acquire_timeout=None, idle_timeout=None, max_lifetime=None) -> Pool`

Timeout arguments are in seconds (float).

Pool

Method	Description
`await fetch(sql, params=None) -> list[dict]`	All rows as dicts
`await fetch_one(sql, params=None) -> dict`	One row; raises `RowNotFound` if none
`await fetch_optional(sql, params=None) -> dict	None`
`await execute(sql, params=None) -> ExecuteResult`	Returns rows_affected and last_insert_id
`await execute_many(sql, params) -> ExecuteResult`	Batch; INSERT auto-optimized to multi-row
`await execute_raw(sql)`	Raw query protocol (no parameter binding) — for stored procedures, DDL
`await fetch_raw(sql) -> list[dict]`	Raw query protocol with row results
`await begin() -> Transaction`	Start a transaction
`await migrate(path)`	Run SQL migration files from a directory
`await close()`	Close the pool
`size` / `num_idle` / `is_closed`	Pool introspection

Pool and Transaction support async with.

Parameter Types

None, bool, int, float, str, bytes/bytearray, datetime (naive or aware), date, time, Decimal, UUID, dict/list/tuple (as JSON). Integers exceeding 64 bits degrade to Decimal. Homogeneous scalar lists/tuples bind as native PG arrays; lists containing dicts or nesting bind as JSON.

Row Type Mapping

Database type	Python type
BOOL / BOOLEAN	`bool`
INT2/INT4/INT8, TINYINT..BIGINT (+UNSIGNED), INTEGER	`int`
FLOAT4/FLOAT8, FLOAT/DOUBLE, REAL	`float`
NUMERIC / DECIMAL	`decimal.Decimal` (TEXT on SQLite)
TEXT, VARCHAR, CHAR, NAME, ENUM, SET	`str`
BYTEA, BINARY/BLOB variants	`bytes`
JSON / JSONB	auto-decoded (`dict` / `list` / scalars)
UUID (PG)	`uuid.UUID`
DATE	`datetime.date`
TIME	`datetime.time`
TIMESTAMP / DATETIME	naive `datetime.datetime`
TIMESTAMPTZ	aware `datetime.datetime`
PG arrays of the above	`list` (None elements preserved)

Unsupported types (PG INET, INTERVAL, ranges, custom types) raise InterfaceError — cast in SQL (SELECT col::text) to retrieve as string.

Exceptions

rsqlx.Error
├── InterfaceError        # unsupported types, decode failures, API misuse
├── DatabaseError         # server errors (syntax, constraint violations)
├── OperationalError      # IO failures, worker crashes, background task errors
├── RowNotFound           # fetch_one returned no rows
├── PoolTimedOut          # timed out acquiring a connection
├── PoolClosed            # operation on a closed pool
└── MigrateError          # migration failure

Limitations

Requires an asyncio event loop (asyncio.run / async def)
sqlx's compile-time query! macros are a Rust-only feature; rsqlx provides runtime-checked queries
Canceling a coroutine cancels the await, but the in-flight query runs to completion on the runtime
MySQL servers using DHE cipher suites (e.g. MySQL 8.0.16) are incompatible with rustls; add ?ssl-mode=disabled to the connection URL

Migrating from pymysql

pymysql	rsqlx
`pymysql.connect(host=..., user=..., password=...)`	`await rsqlx.connect("mysql://user:pass@host/db")`
`cursor.execute(sql, (a, b))`	`await pool.execute(sql, [a, b])`
`cursor.fetchone()`	`await pool.fetch_one(sql, [a, b])`
`cursor.fetchall()`	`await pool.fetch(sql, [a, b])`
`cursor.executemany(sql, args)`	`await pool.execute_many(sql, args)`
`conn.begin() / commit() / rollback()`	`async with await pool.begin() as tx: ...`
`conn.insert_id()`	`result.last_insert_id`
`conn.affected_rows`	`result.rows_affected`
`cursor.callproc(name, args)`	`await pool.execute("CALL name(?)", args)` (DDL via `execute_raw`)
`paramstyle = 'pyformat'` (%s)	`?` (qmark)
`DictCursor`	dicts by default
`pymysql.IntegrityError`	`rsqlx.DatabaseError`

Main change: sync → async (def → async def, add await), %s → ?.

Tracking sqlx Upstream Updates

rsqlx depends on sqlx. When a new version is released, here's how to sync.

1. Check for a new sqlx version

cargo search sqlx
# Or check release notes: https://github.com/launchbadge/sqlx/releases

2. Update the version in Cargo.toml

[dependencies]
sqlx = { version = "0.9", default-features = false, features = [
    "runtime-tokio", "tls-rustls-ring", "postgres", "mysql", "sqlite",
    "chrono", "uuid", "rust_decimal", "migrate", "json",
] }

3. Check MSRV

rustup update stable
# Or install a specific version:
rustup install 1.94.0
rustup override set 1.94.0

4. Check feature name changes

Compare the new sqlx Cargo.toml (crates.io or GitHub). If a feature is renamed, cargo check will report unknown feature — fix per the error.

5. Compile

cargo check

Common breaking changes:

API signature changes: trait method refactors — adjust trait bounds and type references in src/backend.rs.
TypeInfo / Column API changes: affects row decoding (col.type_info().name()).
Query generic parameter changes: sqlx 0.7→0.8 added an Arguments generic to Query<'q, DB, A>.
New database types: add decode branches in backend.rs for new type names.

6. Run tests

python -m pytest tests/test_sqlite.py -v

$env:RSQLX_TEST_PG_URL = "postgres://postgres:pass@127.0.0.1:5432/postgres"
python tests/verify_pg.py

$env:RSQLX_TEST_MYSQL_URL = "mysql://root:pass@127.0.0.1:3306/testdb?ssl-mode=disabled"
python tests/verify_mysql.py

7. Do I need to download sqlx source?

Usually no. cargo build fetches and compiles from crates.io automatically — just change the version number.

When you do need the source (debugging type mappings, understanding API changes):

It's in the cargo registry cache: ~/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-*/sqlx-<version>/
Or clone from GitHub: git clone --branch v0.9.0 https://github.com/launchbadge/sqlx.git

8. Bump rsqlx version

sqlx patch (0.8.5 → 0.8.6): rsqlx patch (0.1.0 → 0.1.1)
sqlx minor (0.8 → 0.9): rsqlx minor (0.1 → 0.2)

Update version in Cargo.toml and pyproject.toml, then:

git tag v0.2.0
git push origin v0.2.0
# GitHub Actions builds and publishes wheels automatically

Sync Checklist

sqlx version updated in Cargo.toml
Rust ≥ sqlx new MSRV
cargo check passes (feature names, API signatures)
tests/test_sqlite.py passes
tests/verify_pg.py passes
tests/verify_mysql.py passes
Type mapping tables (pg_value_to_py / mysql_value_to_py / sqlite_value_to_py in backend.rs) match new sqlx type names
rsqlx version bumped in Cargo.toml and pyproject.toml
CI Rust version ≥ new MSRV (update dtolnay/rust-toolchain if needed)

Documentation

Document	Contents
README.md	English: features, install, API reference, migration from pymysql
README_CN.md	中文说明
DEVELOPMENT.md	Implementation internals, solved problems, packaging with maturin, PyPI publishing, installation
CHANGELOG.md	Version history

For implementation details or to publish a new release, see DEVELOPMENT.md.

Project Structure

rsqlx/
├── Cargo.toml              # Rust dependencies and build config
├── pyproject.toml          # Python package metadata + maturin backend
├── Dockerfile              # Linux build-from-scratch verification
├── README.md               # English (this file)
├── README_CN.md            # 中文说明
├── DEVELOPMENT.md          # Implementation + packaging/publishing guide
├── CHANGELOG.md            # Version history
├── .github/workflows/
│   ├── build.yml           # Three-platform wheel builds + PyPI publish
│   └── tests.yml           # Three-platform functional tests (SQLite + PG + MySQL)
├── src/
│   ├── lib.rs              # Module registration, exceptions, connect()
│   ├── pool.rs             # Pool: CRUD, transactions, migrate, execute_raw
│   ├── transaction.rs      # Transaction: in-tx operations
│   ├── backend.rs          # Unified: param binding, row decoding, batch INSERT
│   ├── params.rs           # Python → Rust PyParam conversion
│   ├── error.rs            # sqlx::Error → Python exception mapping
│   └── runtime.rs          # Global Tokio runtime + GIL release
└── tests/
    ├── test_sqlite.py      # SQLite standalone tests (16)
    ├── verify_pg.py        # PG cross-validation vs psycopg2 (53)
    ├── verify_mysql.py     # MySQL cross-validation vs pymysql (50)
    └── bench_pymysql_vs_rsqlx.py  # Feature coverage + performance benchmark

License

rsqlx is dual-licensed under your choice of either:

MIT License — see LICENSE-MIT
Apache License, Version 2.0 — see LICENSE-APACHE

You may use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense and/or sell copies of this software under the terms of either license. You are not required to comply with both — pick whichever fits your situation and any downstream obligations.

	MIT	Apache-2.0
Type	Permissive	Permissive
Patent grant	No	Yes (explicit)
Change-notice	Not required	Required for modified files
NOTICE preservation	Not required	Required if a `NOTICE` file exists

Pick MIT for the simplest terms; pick Apache-2.0 if you want the explicit patent grant.

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MD5	`bd1ad7c877ac2188eb6f9442d5d15975`
BLAKE2b-256	`91f207ed5791643c84398d2f611816f5252683b9b75d422e3cddcb8f5c60b6b3`

Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`25ca9952c77c5555a994fe9c5f8978be95fae9be821fcfbfe7235c1874e4a9be`
MD5	`b76a78ca0e1eebacfa3069853f2bafd4`
BLAKE2b-256	`411363c07cbb54dbdd212ded9d4635767581e810d5ec547e090077588b9c8b8a`

Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`5d225672d06f51b3b10c483ee01dc21b92673a830b29e4274d643512b8addd33`
MD5	`dd8c9c192257982555069cec1d6119ff`
BLAKE2b-256	`5373c5bf0a0cc980240248cacf4c98de5ca6abf8416f4b86cb2e004d5935f8ad`

Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`6be92fe443d89992d8cab69c5b1bd12fe0fbb2dcbbc4290965c034fb09aa8395`
MD5	`1c2880a67d48eb510771cc935006ebbd`
BLAKE2b-256	`051f09e617eeedd7f190dc5e2217315ad3b8d11863557b656aa830855abf1c3f`

Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`26206fe5086d22c43d1f6bdfe68293b705ce7c5d9988d19d0da6786dc27648c7`
MD5	`d5ac5cba888077ff0ca01fd67a6f4afe`
BLAKE2b-256	`2260bbd1199ade01455fb850c1d7a9f515a3460c08712070649bb40fe569b9ae`

Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`2c836169d0b65b4560fa525830a9e7ae247e3283c9a24b0d359914994c984317`
MD5	`90c1376d04f2ee00fa4f01933062e8d4`
BLAKE2b-256	`c180e5fa444474af610388c2968fe41c3a6f8bdc8ff7db16497219ef28c2cd22`

Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`49a496d81715394002c9acb217f3313a10b37bd476adb0094b42dc074844877b`
MD5	`86bcbead12f583208ddb91ab85112675`
BLAKE2b-256	`15ded19ef77f5a133e1957c6b0d836f120701704d9ef549c061949c8906740be`

Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`65eac916f4b0aa99055c8b802657aa71fa1a1f086bc5a1f6d78303fd6c23bb72`
MD5	`6d78281c17d0bc27fb6adfe723636069`
BLAKE2b-256	`687b9f8bd00e807c3c1bf989eff314718556fcc513855ce6b5db50fc6ce3cdbf`

Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`e8fd1c2a40e667f05d84fdac7b079f48d9d4ce3122365de9b6efefb5034f0ea2`
MD5	`7d1060e06ec430103d096e39601cc978`
BLAKE2b-256	`e8620f582ec297d7cad059adf846cb2c7efffd72aecf6e0d29ed2eb42be44566`

rsqlx 0.9.0

rsqlx

Features

Installation

Quickstart

SQLite

PostgreSQL

MySQL

Migrations

Placeholders

API Reference

rsqlx.connect(url, *, min_connections=None, max_connections=None, acquire_timeout=None, idle_timeout=None, max_lifetime=None) -> Pool

Pool

Parameter Types

Row Type Mapping

Exceptions

Limitations

Migrating from pymysql

Tracking sqlx Upstream Updates

1. Check for a new sqlx version

2. Update the version in Cargo.toml

3. Check MSRV

4. Check feature name changes

5. Compile

6. Run tests

7. Do I need to download sqlx source?

8. Bump rsqlx version

Sync Checklist

Documentation

Project Structure

License

Project links

Key dates

1 maintainer

Credits

License

Requires

Tags

Classifiers

Download files

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`rsqlx.connect(url, *, min_connections=None, max_connections=None, acquire_timeout=None, idle_timeout=None, max_lifetime=None) -> Pool`

Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`e933d476991ebffe34aa8af9b9fb8bdeade049f9282ce30252d08f627a57e879`
MD5	`6125bd11bda6ba336a81d7588ed30f6b`
BLAKE2b-256	`6d184700938287f6faa3a22a96c4defd623a3317b5739e809a8fdf5ac1666cf7`

Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`3249d4af34cd77d6abbd0379709c7730b439297ce3cc1d5fe11e604a7c347c64`
MD5	`6fcb4187bdf6a83f4f79d49e542f6ede`
BLAKE2b-256	`dfbf8d62a2f12cfbf0056b38dd4054e350173fec2e013246dcbab3ffd0a8f8bb`

Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`30fae21cb581cd19897d6713a42c886555d3d0a7002cee28f95cae8d5649b962`
MD5	`b331afb604db45ed67cf0034b9b748b4`
BLAKE2b-256	`e62ac07c101938e4ebbd7dac69bbc0db5824e7d71c1ad347881e5fd915303bb1`