rsqlx

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Async PostgreSQL / MySQL / SQLite driver for Python, powered by Rust's sqlx and exposed as a native extension via PyO3 — the same approach as orjson: Rust core, Python surface.

Every query runs on a shared multi-threaded Tokio runtime; the GIL is released while waiting for the database, so concurrent tasks and threads run in parallel.

Author: Yingzi yingzilkq@163.com
Source: https://gitee.com/yingzi_shadow/rsqlx
License: MIT OR Apache-2.0

Features

One interface for PostgreSQL, MySQL and SQLite
Connection pooling (min/max connections, acquire timeout, idle timeout, max lifetime)
Transactions with async with (auto-commit on success, auto-rollback on exception)
execute_many rewrites single-row INSERTs into a multi-row INSERT — two orders of magnitude faster
execute_raw / fetch_raw use the COM_QUERY protocol for stored procedures and DDL that the prepared-statement protocol doesn't support
Migrations (sqlx-compatible <N>_<name>.up.sql files)
Full type mapping: datetime, Decimal, UUID, JSON, bytes, PG arrays
Exception hierarchy rooted at rsqlx.Error

Installation

Pre-built wheels:

Platform	Architectures
Linux (glibc ≥ 2.28，或 musl ≥ 1.2 / Alpine)	x86_64, aarch64
Windows 10+	x86_64, ARM64
macOS 11+	x86_64, arm64

Each (platform, arch) wheel works for CPython 3.9–3.13.

TLS: rustls + ring (pure Rust, no system OpenSSL). SQLite: statically linked via libsqlite3-sys. Zero system dependencies on the user side.

pip install rsqlx

Build from source (requires Rust and maturin):

pip install maturin
maturin build --release -o dist
pip install dist/rsqlx-*.whl

# For local development:
maturin develop --release

Quickstart

All three databases share the same connect() / Pool / Transaction API. Connection strings follow the sqlx convention:

# SQLite:     "sqlite:app.db" (file) or "sqlite::memory:" (in-memory) — placeholders: ?
# PostgreSQL: "postgres://user:pass@localhost:5432/db"               — placeholders: $1, $2, ...
# MySQL:      "mysql://user:pass@localhost:3306/db?ssl-mode=disabled" — placeholders: ?
#             (add ?ssl-mode=disabled when the server's TLS is incompatible with rustls)
import asyncio
import rsqlx

SQLite

import asyncio
import rsqlx

async def main():
    pool = await rsqlx.connect("sqlite::memory:", max_connections=5)

    await pool.execute(
        "CREATE TABLE users (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, name TEXT, age INT)"
    )

    # execute returns ExecuteResult(rows_affected, last_insert_id)
    res = await pool.execute("INSERT INTO users (name, age) VALUES (?, ?)", ["Alice", 30])
    print(res.rows_affected, res.last_insert_id)            # 1 1

    # fetch returns list[dict]
    rows = await pool.fetch("SELECT * FROM users WHERE age > ?", [18])
    print(rows)                                            # [{'id': 1, 'name': 'Alice', 'age': 30}]

    # single-row helpers
    user  = await pool.fetch_one("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ?", [1])        # raises RowNotFound if no row
    maybe = await pool.fetch_optional("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ?", [99])  # None

    # transaction: commit on normal exit, rollback on exception
    async with await pool.begin() as tx:
        await tx.execute("INSERT INTO users (name, age) VALUES (?, ?)", ["Bob", 25])

    await pool.close()

asyncio.run(main())

PostgreSQL

import asyncio
import rsqlx

async def main():
    pool = await rsqlx.connect("postgres://user:pass@localhost:5432/db", max_connections=5)

    await pool.execute(
        "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users ("
        "id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT, age INT, tags TEXT[])"
    )

    await pool.execute("INSERT INTO users (name, age) VALUES ($1, $2)", ["Alice", 30])

    # homogeneous scalar lists bind as native PG arrays (None elements preserved)
    await pool.execute(
        "INSERT INTO users (name, age, tags) VALUES ($1, $2, $3)",
        ["Bob", 25, ["python", "rust", None]],
    )

    user = await pool.fetch_one("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = $1", [1])
    print(user["tags"])                                    # ['python', 'rust', None]

    # batch — single-row INSERT is auto-rewritten to a multi-row INSERT
    await pool.execute_many(
        "INSERT INTO users (name, age) VALUES ($1, $2)",
        [["Carol", 28], ["Dave", 40]],
    )

    await pool.close()

asyncio.run(main())

MySQL

import asyncio
import rsqlx

async def main():
    # add ?ssl-mode=disabled when the server's TLS is incompatible with rustls
    # (common with MySQL 8 default cipher configuration)
    pool = await rsqlx.connect(
        "mysql://user:pass@localhost:3306/db?ssl-mode=disabled", max_connections=5
    )

    await pool.execute(
        "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users ("
        "id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR(64), age INT)"
    )

    await pool.execute("INSERT INTO users (name, age) VALUES (?, ?)", ["Alice", 30])
    rows = await pool.fetch("SELECT * FROM users WHERE age > ?", [18])

    # stored procedures, multi-statement scripts and other non-prepared
    # statements use the raw protocol (execute_raw / fetch_raw)
    await pool.execute_raw("DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS sp_hello")
    await pool.execute_raw(
        "CREATE PROCEDURE sp_hello(IN n VARCHAR(64)) BEGIN SELECT n; END"
    )
    await pool.execute("CALL sp_hello(?)", ["world"])

    await pool.close()

asyncio.run(main())

Migrations

# Run sqlx-style migration files from a directory (applied once, then idempotent):
#   migrations/0001_init.up.sql
#   migrations/0002_seed.up.sql
await pool.migrate("migrations")

Placeholders

Use the database's native style: $1, $2, ... for PostgreSQL, ? for MySQL and SQLite. Multi-row INSERT rewrites ? to the correct format automatically.

API Reference

`rsqlx.connect(url, *, min_connections=None, max_connections=None, acquire_timeout=None, idle_timeout=None, max_lifetime=None) -> Pool`

Timeout arguments are in seconds (float).

Pool

Method	Description
`await fetch(sql, params=None) -> list[dict]`	All rows as dicts
`await fetch_one(sql, params=None) -> dict`	One row; raises `RowNotFound` if none
`await fetch_optional(sql, params=None) -> dict	None`
`await execute(sql, params=None) -> ExecuteResult`	Returns rows_affected and last_insert_id
`await execute_many(sql, params) -> ExecuteResult`	Batch; INSERT auto-optimized to multi-row
`await execute_raw(sql)`	Raw query protocol (no parameter binding) — for stored procedures, DDL
`await fetch_raw(sql) -> list[dict]`	Raw query protocol with row results
`await begin() -> Transaction`	Start a transaction
`await migrate(path)`	Run SQL migration files from a directory
`await close()`	Close the pool
`size` / `num_idle` / `is_closed`	Pool introspection

Pool and Transaction support async with.

Parameter Types

None, bool, int, float, str, bytes/bytearray, datetime (naive or aware), date, time, Decimal, UUID, dict/list/tuple (as JSON). Integers exceeding 64 bits degrade to Decimal. Homogeneous scalar lists/tuples bind as native PG arrays; lists containing dicts or nesting bind as JSON.

Row Type Mapping

Database type	Python type
BOOL / BOOLEAN	`bool`
INT2/INT4/INT8, TINYINT..BIGINT (+UNSIGNED), INTEGER	`int`
FLOAT4/FLOAT8, FLOAT/DOUBLE, REAL	`float`
NUMERIC / DECIMAL	`decimal.Decimal` (TEXT on SQLite)
TEXT, VARCHAR, CHAR, NAME, ENUM, SET	`str`
BYTEA, BINARY/BLOB variants	`bytes`
JSON / JSONB	auto-decoded (`dict` / `list` / scalars)
UUID (PG)	`uuid.UUID`
DATE	`datetime.date`
TIME	`datetime.time`
TIMESTAMP / DATETIME	naive `datetime.datetime`
TIMESTAMPTZ	aware `datetime.datetime`
PG arrays of the above	`list` (None elements preserved)

Unsupported types (PG INET, INTERVAL, ranges, custom types) raise InterfaceError — cast in SQL (SELECT col::text) to retrieve as string.

Exceptions

rsqlx.Error
├── InterfaceError        # unsupported types, decode failures, API misuse
├── DatabaseError         # server errors (syntax, constraint violations)
├── OperationalError      # IO failures, worker crashes, background task errors
├── RowNotFound           # fetch_one returned no rows
├── PoolTimedOut          # timed out acquiring a connection
├── PoolClosed            # operation on a closed pool
└── MigrateError          # migration failure

Limitations

Requires an asyncio event loop (asyncio.run / async def)
sqlx's compile-time query! macros are a Rust-only feature; rsqlx provides runtime-checked queries
Canceling a coroutine cancels the await, but the in-flight query runs to completion on the runtime
MySQL servers using DHE cipher suites (e.g. MySQL 8.0.16) are incompatible with rustls; add ?ssl-mode=disabled to the connection URL

Migrating from pymysql

pymysql	rsqlx
`pymysql.connect(host=..., user=..., password=...)`	`await rsqlx.connect("mysql://user:pass@host/db")`
`cursor.execute(sql, (a, b))`	`await pool.execute(sql, [a, b])`
`cursor.fetchone()`	`await pool.fetch_one(sql, [a, b])`
`cursor.fetchall()`	`await pool.fetch(sql, [a, b])`
`cursor.executemany(sql, args)`	`await pool.execute_many(sql, args)`
`conn.begin() / commit() / rollback()`	`async with await pool.begin() as tx: ...`
`conn.insert_id()`	`result.last_insert_id`
`conn.affected_rows`	`result.rows_affected`
`cursor.callproc(name, args)`	`await pool.execute("CALL name(?)", args)` (DDL via `execute_raw`)
`paramstyle = 'pyformat'` (%s)	`?` (qmark)
`DictCursor`	dicts by default
`pymysql.IntegrityError`	`rsqlx.DatabaseError`

Main change: sync → async (def → async def, add await), %s → ?.

Tracking sqlx Upstream Updates

rsqlx depends on sqlx. When a new version is released, here's how to sync.

1. Check for a new sqlx version

cargo search sqlx
# Or check release notes: https://github.com/launchbadge/sqlx/releases

2. Update the version in Cargo.toml

[dependencies]
sqlx = { version = "0.9", default-features = false, features = [
    "runtime-tokio", "tls-rustls-ring", "postgres", "mysql", "sqlite",
    "chrono", "uuid", "rust_decimal", "migrate", "json",
] }

3. Check MSRV

rustup update stable
# Or install a specific version:
rustup install 1.94.0
rustup override set 1.94.0

4. Check feature name changes

Compare the new sqlx Cargo.toml (crates.io or GitHub). If a feature is renamed, cargo check will report unknown feature — fix per the error.

5. Compile

cargo check

Common breaking changes:

API signature changes: trait method refactors — adjust trait bounds and type references in src/backend.rs.
TypeInfo / Column API changes: affects row decoding (col.type_info().name()).
Query generic parameter changes: sqlx 0.7→0.8 added an Arguments generic to Query<'q, DB, A>.
New database types: add decode branches in backend.rs for new type names.

6. Run tests

python -m pytest tests/test_sqlite.py -v

$env:RSQLX_TEST_PG_URL = "postgres://postgres:pass@127.0.0.1:5432/postgres"
python tests/verify_pg.py

$env:RSQLX_TEST_MYSQL_URL = "mysql://root:pass@127.0.0.1:3306/testdb?ssl-mode=disabled"
python tests/verify_mysql.py

7. Do I need to download sqlx source?

Usually no. cargo build fetches and compiles from crates.io automatically — just change the version number.

When you do need the source (debugging type mappings, understanding API changes):

It's in the cargo registry cache: ~/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-*/sqlx-<version>/
Or clone from GitHub: git clone --branch v0.9.0 https://github.com/launchbadge/sqlx.git

8. Bump rsqlx version

sqlx patch (0.8.5 → 0.8.6): rsqlx patch (0.1.0 → 0.1.1)
sqlx minor (0.8 → 0.9): rsqlx minor (0.1 → 0.2)

Update version in Cargo.toml and pyproject.toml, then:

git tag v0.2.0
git push origin v0.2.0
# GitHub Actions builds and publishes wheels automatically

Sync Checklist

sqlx version updated in Cargo.toml
Rust ≥ sqlx new MSRV
cargo check passes (feature names, API signatures)
tests/test_sqlite.py passes
tests/verify_pg.py passes
tests/verify_mysql.py passes
Type mapping tables (pg_value_to_py / mysql_value_to_py / sqlite_value_to_py in backend.rs) match new sqlx type names
rsqlx version bumped in Cargo.toml and pyproject.toml
CI Rust version ≥ new MSRV (update dtolnay/rust-toolchain if needed)

Documentation

Document	Contents
README.md	English: features, install, API reference, migration from pymysql
README_CN.md	中文说明
DEVELOPMENT.md	Implementation internals, solved problems, packaging with maturin, PyPI publishing, installation
CHANGELOG.md	Version history

For implementation details or to publish a new release, see DEVELOPMENT.md.

Project Structure

rsqlx/
├── Cargo.toml              # Rust dependencies and build config
├── pyproject.toml          # Python package metadata + maturin backend
├── Dockerfile              # Linux build-from-scratch verification
├── README.md               # English (this file)
├── README_CN.md            # 中文说明
├── DEVELOPMENT.md          # Implementation + packaging/publishing guide
├── CHANGELOG.md            # Version history
├── .github/workflows/
│   ├── build.yml           # Three-platform wheel builds + PyPI publish
│   └── tests.yml           # Three-platform functional tests (SQLite + PG + MySQL)
├── src/
│   ├── lib.rs              # Module registration, exceptions, connect()
│   ├── pool.rs             # Pool: CRUD, transactions, migrate, execute_raw
│   ├── transaction.rs      # Transaction: in-tx operations
│   ├── backend.rs          # Unified: param binding, row decoding, batch INSERT
│   ├── params.rs           # Python → Rust PyParam conversion
│   ├── error.rs            # sqlx::Error → Python exception mapping
│   └── runtime.rs          # Global Tokio runtime + GIL release
└── tests/
    ├── test_sqlite.py      # SQLite standalone tests (16)
    ├── verify_pg.py        # PG cross-validation vs psycopg2 (53)
    ├── verify_mysql.py     # MySQL cross-validation vs pymysql (50)
    └── bench_pymysql_vs_rsqlx.py  # Feature coverage + performance benchmark

License

rsqlx is dual-licensed under your choice of either:

MIT License — see LICENSE-MIT
Apache License, Version 2.0 — see LICENSE-APACHE

You may use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense and/or sell copies of this software under the terms of either license. You are not required to comply with both — pick whichever fits your situation and any downstream obligations.

	MIT	Apache-2.0
Type	Permissive	Permissive
Patent grant	No	Yes (explicit)
Change-notice	Not required	Required for modified files
NOTICE preservation	Not required	Required if a `NOTICE` file exists

Pick MIT for the simplest terms; pick Apache-2.0 if you want the explicit patent grant.

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SHA256	`0877fe5158b292aa1dc06b7397789f146186568d3b387345128dc598fec6a46a`
MD5	`4552eac46c6efe9c6902511ba354c29a`
BLAKE2b-256	`27aa753883f13ed3e9a53a34d867b647b370a711b8f912938d64d8d4fbfbca61`

Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`b3260695308d955982c0ac3759860227ebb5a111ee149c2138eb492ec5667426`
MD5	`e97f9c47fd4a4ae585b0461f04f3ad37`
BLAKE2b-256	`8a9990fe713089bdb880544ad76645afc721ab9381a9b3e2fe20b0985e0bd7c9`

Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`8c026f109fd9ff071edb5515830bd26f55fd421e78d96b9f60f346db9472cc72`
MD5	`bae28a680b182063d8b512f16901f12e`
BLAKE2b-256	`189f7a8ba580c5d0c79f2e7fcd34d8259a313eec46c7fe0fe94dbba21c63e9b4`

Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`2d22ad25e3552241a44c9237eb7a4fa54b5e91067c1f16e3e599685345de1f55`
MD5	`1a70f36ddd3c9d7d277b9d7f75223807`
BLAKE2b-256	`e8d5669f38b2c68654786dd15f9c9ddd2c603978cf5eb53c4714006e20f10f5b`

Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`4a276e522a5f68ac61253a9f8f3f260b12b320279cabb53bfd007c63c2866bc1`
MD5	`1b7bf734b37f762344f60d2ee69617b2`
BLAKE2b-256	`2c9add61136ff1dda26323ed8ab9c590b2a13061cc8a5c02ee375b769f4e6efa`

Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`34e4ad1038d45db13bd44aff6bfd65ab0bcc3dad766d86a24c5d31ef7515d56c`
MD5	`a23769a2fe1cdc2a0db47acb6ff5bdc0`
BLAKE2b-256	`e5901b11c5e2aba8db0afb3fcb553bb7f3b701e387b50aa8a7fead3011232d33`

Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`dd15a11048d8cf0d0aa415543a4592f6a03baf0c139a5e7a02b4ba220bb839b3`
MD5	`4ba231cb118124f229331867fc4b0f06`
BLAKE2b-256	`39b024ab7a3597346ade6e44100543912a759ca73ba72b5847b26b5e03e0908d`

Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`1a0487dcfedd2107269d0875d48c61f05bd4cf5167771399c3220933d975b2bf`
MD5	`8da7dfdd49f7e768970f26088556a006`
BLAKE2b-256	`8ea53befee834b2b39c2b9b2d7002afe16656d2ab30b06e85b81988de10e53f7`

Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`8b85c37905f22482fd5644473435bbd93f32b74e2a6ed8a83f2c2f9e17c1ee98`
MD5	`7135e937956c20d31f3d320b9cd4e714`
BLAKE2b-256	`a939b2b9ecb72721fcf08087bca304b2460836e75dbfc04ee6915806a6f9223f`

Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`866babb1da17ab26b79ccd27090fdb9dff779751f6ee3f2f0b920409dc456b47`
MD5	`efc7773201636209390c5f4e90b7f0bc`
BLAKE2b-256	`0139a93a662fd065abf17129ab1991dfd7ad92055da2cfa95aff95d97bc55ba9`

Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`16067077ae9ab2e38565d6934b240d5b7efce2082191c64821ca653315ed3c6d`
MD5	`b035f8612518be0989034101faddbd1c`
BLAKE2b-256	`f0e4d1f918e2acb9eb679ab035e39c3f14fce3c757c24480699bfb6b5ee1641e`

Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`6f5d63b6c8d3c1d78324122744bcda6af5f2ebabb6fb76311310ffe5fb086cca`
MD5	`ad3c1c337987ace1996ae9a440616563`
BLAKE2b-256	`1ca80666c7b617359d2a4af30f7bee8f982e45557314f9735db5b864ebc0b697`

rsqlx 0.9.1

rsqlx

Features

Installation

Quickstart

SQLite

PostgreSQL

MySQL

Migrations

Placeholders

API Reference

rsqlx.connect(url, *, min_connections=None, max_connections=None, acquire_timeout=None, idle_timeout=None, max_lifetime=None) -> Pool

Pool

Parameter Types

Row Type Mapping

Exceptions

Limitations

Migrating from pymysql

Tracking sqlx Upstream Updates

1. Check for a new sqlx version

2. Update the version in Cargo.toml

3. Check MSRV

4. Check feature name changes

5. Compile

6. Run tests

7. Do I need to download sqlx source?

8. Bump rsqlx version

Sync Checklist

Documentation

Project Structure

License

Project links

Key dates

1 maintainer

Credits

License

Requires

Tags

Classifiers

Download files

Source Distribution

Built Distributions

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`rsqlx.connect(url, *, min_connections=None, max_connections=None, acquire_timeout=None, idle_timeout=None, max_lifetime=None) -> Pool`

Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`8a29890fcf076fd283ed2898071dd72c9cd1eec32749abfc2630f248a4dceeb1`
MD5	`c7ef6d8d12cdad516ead908f3e178858`
BLAKE2b-256	`934556a8692aa89a19fcf8822dd9f8fc030646cbd8953f2312d6bf6b0ac0f52b`

Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`13f3b9e36a93b1846488a859a6fbc1aa2f3283dafe88940f7cfc87e251af0e1a`
MD5	`a179ff4aba7858ffe32fd563f7dbff5a`
BLAKE2b-256	`3937d0082ca014987059502d8d59d3fd31fa9023669fae75ccb1c007db815558`

Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`068ea1d03e8aaa17e3eb40948f14974a2dd3ba24b3d419476535e3a3f5e6e99b`
MD5	`8cd123e82bcba239446475e1aa190ecb`
BLAKE2b-256	`9560e9c31bfa063cf4c1df04677087e57bd7c2cd20bf57a8c9cdd7c462f65102`

Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`794df6eb0cd4a320f7b377f088c062743a062365e9dfd58100d27297fd50ce14`
MD5	`b4cd81c30284606f2cd462dc7fcded00`
BLAKE2b-256	`a98e4296cc8135df54ba8352654cec693e309f7ce6a43b5868887ad5413c6ff9`

Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`4d2809bb38d55dcae907d995734726eaf93276f98e2fc142ecfc456bbc99062c`
MD5	`299c3732c79075f4006710182c7f758c`
BLAKE2b-256	`1698356020185fb468564340cca808f39426f844896742cbf8b7d18d72f86781`

Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`76d5c80cc8d74df6d7e5f35eb5194d545357273107b87d7c7873c4db621595b6`
MD5	`20d2b8fba13b2783d263051bcbefc9b4`
BLAKE2b-256	`eb0d437f9c61775aaf3204b4c3a46a1ff348f0692af77fc88a1326f8a4e7f4fb`

Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`0305d728c0a198afe1cdd16a5a1bc540ed29b9008b658f25914f3aa8ef763d54`
MD5	`de342cce2423852426ca6e727f034954`
BLAKE2b-256	`5b90556704a122ad5bcb0bb735f5590ef4455d744c6a667825b360039025c7f2`

Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`d09bf61b23262dee0f4c963428334346f9874d1bde3edb2c3ba06cb7a057ac87`
MD5	`9f7578eb863c35aeae25995d4fcbf744`
BLAKE2b-256	`fbea6f69464c29141a7e2e5913855f07408a028bdfe58d1867f3054d75bec07e`

Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`5bbd846b49e63dc442dd2e63031f3c89aa684d17d89e4fd3652beda3dc10ac19`
MD5	`2e3f7ae4d9a9d4368ffc82580e368ada`
BLAKE2b-256	`87bfb1fadf7e8a200d9fc81ad1b378d59419ad6651f088540ed8a60f1cccea03`

Algorithm	Hash digest
SHA256	`095267765b92d16db0591b9cd9a09f93b598ce5bb1cfd0ea7669dab890c35cc1`
MD5	`8491555f6f0b2cc7bb204488fc4d1ee4`
BLAKE2b-256	`ea1f26e561a60164297a05e3601e67b3ab8df0d046ce9c9927ba0d29378eab55`