scraper-rs

Python bindings for high-performance Rust HTML parsing via PyO3. It provides a lightweight Document/Element API with CSS selectors backed by rustedbytes-tl, XPath (via xee-xpath), handy helpers, and zero Python-side parsing work.

Install

pip install scraper-rust

# or using uv
uv add scraper-rust

Quick start

from scraper_rs import Document, first, prettify, select, select_first, xpath

html = """
<html><body>
  <div class="item" data-id="1"><a href="/a">First</a></div>
  <div class="item" data-id="2"><a href="/b">Second</a></div>
</body></html>
"""

doc = Document(html)
print(doc.text)  # "First Second"

items = doc.select(".item")
print(items[0].attr("data-id"))  # "1"
print(items[0].to_dict())  # {"tag": "div", "text": "First", "html": "<a...>", ...}

first_link = doc.select_first("a[href]")  # alias: doc.find(...)
print(first_link.text, first_link.attr("href"))  # First /a
print(doc.generate_css_selector(first_link))  # e.g. a[href="/a"]
print(
    doc.generate_xpath_selector(first_link)
)  # Robula+-style XPath, with positional fallback
links_within_first_item = items[0].select("a[href]")
print([link.attr("href") for link in links_within_first_item])  # ["/a"]

# XPath (element results only)
xpath_items = doc.xpath("//div[@class='item']/a")
print([link.text for link in xpath_items])  # ["First", "Second"]
print(doc.xpath_first("//div[@data-id='1']/a").attr("href"))  # "/a"

# Functional helpers
links = select(html, "a[href]")
print([link.attr("href") for link in links])  # ["/a", "/b"]
print(first(html, "a[href]").text)  # First
print(select_first(html, "a[href]").text)  # First
print(
    [link.text for link in xpath(html, "//div[@class='item']/a")]
)  # ["First", "Second"]
print(prettify(html))

For runnable samples, see examples/demo.py and examples/demo_prettify_url.py. Quick URL prettify demo:

python examples/demo_prettify_url.py https://example.com --max-lines 80

Async usage

The scraper_rs.asyncio module exposes an async-first surface for coroutine code. AsyncDocument stores shareable HTML/text state instead of a thread-affine sync Document, and all selectors are awaitable for consistent async calling style:

import asyncio
from scraper_rs import asyncio as scraping_async

html = "<div class='item'><a href='/a'>First</a></div>"


async def main():
    async with await scraping_async.parse(html) as doc:
        items = await doc.select(".item")
        first_link = await items[0].select_first("a[href]")
        print(first_link.text)  # First

    links = await scraping_async.select(html, "a[href]")
    print([link.attr("href") for link in links])  # ["/a"]


asyncio.run(main())

All async functions accept the same keyword arguments as their sync counterparts (max_size_bytes, truncate_on_limit, etc.). CPU-bound async parsing and selection work is offloaded through the Rust async core onto Rayon worker threads so concurrent coroutines do not run that work on the event-loop thread. AsyncDocument supports async with for automatic cleanup in coroutine code, and AsyncElement / AsyncDocument both expose async .prettify() helpers.

Large documents and memory safety

To avoid runaway allocations, parsing defaults to a 1 GiB cap. Pass max_size_bytes to override:

from scraper_rs import Document, select

doc = Document(html, max_size_bytes=5_000_000)  # 5 MB guard
links = select(html, "a[href]", max_size_bytes=5_000_000)

If you want to parse a limited portion of an oversized HTML document instead of rejecting it entirely, use truncate_on_limit=True:

# Parse only the first 100KB of a large HTML document
doc = Document(large_html, max_size_bytes=100_000, truncate_on_limit=True)
links = doc.select("a[href]")  # Will only find links in the first 100KB

# Also works with top-level functions
items = select(large_html, ".item", max_size_bytes=100_000, truncate_on_limit=True)

Note: Truncation happens at valid UTF-8 character boundaries to prevent encoding errors.

API highlights

• Document(html: str) / Document.from_html(html) parse HTML for CSS and keep the DOM; XPath parsing is initialized lazily on first XPath query.
• .select(css) → list[Element], .select_first(css) / .find(css) → first Element | None, .css(css) is an alias.
• .xpath(expr) / .xpath_first(expr) evaluate XPath expressions that return element nodes.
• .generate_css_selector(element) and .generate_xpath_selector(element) generate selectors for elements returned by the same Document CSS API. CSS generation returns None when its bounded search finds no unique selector supported by the current CSS subset; this is not a proof that no selector exists. XPath uses a scraping-oriented Robula+-style search ranked for stability: semantic data-*/ARIA/item metadata and semantic ancestors are preferred over generated IDs and presentation classes; link/media paths can ignore query churn and relative-vs-absolute URL changes; short normalized text can identify attribute-less targets; positional XPath remains a late fallback. The search is capped at 256 candidates and 12 attributes per node; uniqueness and target identity are checked in the normalized XPath DOM.
• .prettify() renders the current DOM as an indented string for readable output/debugging.
• .text returns normalized text; Document.html is the original input HTML; Element.html is inner HTML.
• scraper_rs.asyncio exposes async parse/select/xpath wrappers plus awaitable AsyncDocument / AsyncElement methods.
• Element exposes .tag, .text, .html, .attrs plus helpers .attr(name), .get(name, default), .to_dict().
• Elements support nested CSS and XPath selection via .select(css), .select_first(css), .find(css), .css(css), .xpath(expr), .xpath_first(expr).
• Elements also expose .prettify() to format element HTML with indentation.
• Top-level helpers mirror the class methods: parse(html), prettify(html), select(html, css), select_first(html, css) / first(html, css), xpath(html, expr), xpath_first(html, expr).
• Parse-tree helpers parse_document(html) and parse_fragment(html) return rustedbytes-tl backed structural dictionaries for callers that need node data.
• CSS selection uses the native rustedbytes-tl selector subset: tag, id, class, *, attribute selectors, comma selectors, descendants, and direct children.
• max_size_bytes lets you fail fast on oversized HTML; defaults to a 1 GiB limit.
• truncate_on_limit allows parsing a truncated version (limited to max_size_bytes) of oversized HTML instead of raising an error.
• Call doc.close() (or with Document(html) as doc: ...) to free parsed DOM resources when you're done.
• In async workflows, use async with await scraper_rs.asyncio.parse(html) as doc: ... for automatic AsyncDocument cleanup.

Installation

CPython wheels target abi3 (CPython 3.10+). Version-specific wheels are also published for PyPy 3.11 and 3.12. To build locally with the active interpreter:

# Install maturin (uv is used in this repo, but pip works too)
pip install maturin

# Build a wheel
maturin build --release --compatibility linux

# PyPy builds must disable the CPython-only abi3 feature
maturin build --release --compatibility linux --no-default-features

# Install the generated wheel
pip install target/wheels/scraper_rust-*.whl

If you have just installed, the repo includes helpers: just build (local wheel), just install-wheel (install the built wheel), and just build_manylinux (via the official maturin Docker image).

Projects Using scraper-rs

• silkworm - Async web scraping framework on top of Rust
• silkworm-mcp - An MCP server for silkworm

Development

Requirements: Rust toolchain, CPython 3.10+ or PyPy 3.11+, uv, maturin, pytest, and pytest-asyncio for tests.

• Run tests: just test or uv run pytest tests/
• Format code: just fmt (or cargo fmt --all and uv run ruff format)
• Lint Rust: just lint (or cargo clippy --all-targets --all-features -- -D warnings)
• The PyO3 module name is scraper_rs; the Rust crate is built as cdylib.

Contributions and issues are welcome. If you add public API, please extend the relevant tests, type stubs, docs, and examples accordingly.