signxai 1.1.8.1

SIGNed explanations: Unveiling relevant features by reducing bias

SIGNed explanations: Unveiling relevant features by reducing bias

This repository and python package has been published alongside the following journal article: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101883

If you use the code from this repository in your work, please cite:

 @article{Gumpfer2023SIGN,
    title = {SIGNed explanations: Unveiling relevant features by reducing bias},
    author = {Nils Gumpfer and Joshua Prim and Till Keller and Bernhard Seeger and Michael Guckert and Jennifer Hannig},
    journal = {Information Fusion},
    pages = {101883},
    year = {2023},
    issn = {1566-2535},
    doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101883},
    url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1566253523001999}
}

Experiments

To reproduce the experiments from our paper, please find a detailed description on https://github.com/nilsgumpfer/SIGN.

Setup

To install the package in your environment, run:

 pip3 install signxai

Usage

VGG16

The below example illustrates the usage of the signxai package in combination with a VGG16 model trained on imagenet:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from tensorflow.keras.applications.vgg16 import VGG16
from signxai.methods.wrappers import calculate_relevancemap
from signxai.utils.utils import (load_image, aggregate_and_normalize_relevancemap_rgb, download_image, 
                                 calculate_explanation_innvestigate)

# Load model
model = VGG16(weights='imagenet')

#  Remove last layer's softmax activation (we need the raw values!)
model.layers[-1].activation = None

# Load example image
path = 'example.jpg'
download_image(path)
img, x = load_image(path)

# Calculate relevancemaps
R1 = calculate_relevancemap('lrpz_epsilon_0_1_std_x', np.array(x), model)
R2 = calculate_relevancemap('lrpsign_epsilon_0_1_std_x', np.array(x), model)

# Equivalent relevance maps as for R1 and R2, but with direct access to innvestigate and parameters
R3 = calculate_explanation_innvestigate(model, x, method='lrp.stdxepsilon', stdfactor=0.1, input_layer_rule='Z')
R4 = calculate_explanation_innvestigate(model, x, method='lrp.stdxepsilon', stdfactor=0.1, input_layer_rule='SIGN')

# Visualize heatmaps
fig, axs = plt.subplots(ncols=3, nrows=2, figsize=(18, 12))
axs[0][0].imshow(img)
axs[1][0].imshow(img)
axs[0][1].matshow(aggregate_and_normalize_relevancemap_rgb(R1), cmap='seismic', clim=(-1, 1))
axs[0][2].matshow(aggregate_and_normalize_relevancemap_rgb(R2), cmap='seismic', clim=(-1, 1))
axs[1][1].matshow(aggregate_and_normalize_relevancemap_rgb(R3), cmap='seismic', clim=(-1, 1))
axs[1][2].matshow(aggregate_and_normalize_relevancemap_rgb(R4), cmap='seismic', clim=(-1, 1))

plt.show()

(Image credit for example used in this code: Greg Gjerdingen from Willmar, USA)

MNIST

The below example illustrates the usage of the signxai package in combination with a dense model trained on MNIST:

import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from tensorflow.python.keras.datasets import mnist
from tensorflow.python.keras.models import load_model

from signxai.methods.wrappers import calculate_relevancemap
from signxai.utils.utils import normalize_heatmap, download_model

# Load train and test data
(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = mnist.load_data()

# Scale images to the [-1, 0] range
x_train = x_train.astype("float32") / -255.0
x_test = x_test.astype("float32") / -255.0
x_train = -(np.ones_like(x_train) + x_train)
x_test = -(np.ones_like(x_test) + x_test)

# Load model
path = 'model.h5'
download_model(path)
model = load_model(path)

# Remove softmax
model.layers[-1].activation = None

# Calculate relevancemaps
x = x_test[231]
R1 = calculate_relevancemap('gradient_x_input', np.array(x), model, neuron_selection=3)
R2 = calculate_relevancemap('gradient_x_sign_mu_neg_0_5', np.array(x), model, neuron_selection=3)
R3 = calculate_relevancemap('gradient_x_input', np.array(x), model, neuron_selection=8)
R4 = calculate_relevancemap('gradient_x_sign_mu_neg_0_5', np.array(x), model, neuron_selection=8)

# Visualize heatmaps
fig, axs = plt.subplots(ncols=3, nrows=2, figsize=(18, 12))
axs[0][0].imshow(x, cmap='seismic', clim=(-1, 1))
axs[1][0].imshow(x, cmap='seismic', clim=(-1, 1))
axs[0][1].matshow(normalize_heatmap(R1), cmap='seismic', clim=(-1, 1))
axs[0][2].matshow(normalize_heatmap(R2), cmap='seismic', clim=(-1, 1))
axs[1][1].matshow(normalize_heatmap(R3), cmap='seismic', clim=(-1, 1))
axs[1][2].matshow(normalize_heatmap(R4), cmap='seismic', clim=(-1, 1))

plt.show()

Methods

Method	Base	Parameters
gradient	Gradient
input_t_gradient	Gradient x Input
gradient_x_input	Gradient x Input
gradient_x_sign	Gradient x SIGN	mu = 0
gradient_x_sign_mu	Gradient x SIGN	requires mu parameter
gradient_x_sign_mu_0	Gradient x SIGN	mu = 0
gradient_x_sign_mu_0_5	Gradient x SIGN	mu = 0.5
gradient_x_sign_mu_neg_0_5	Gradient x SIGN	mu = -0.5
guided_backprop	Guided Backpropagation
guided_backprop_x_sign	Guided Backpropagation x SIGN	mu = 0
guided_backprop_x_sign_mu	Guided Backpropagation x SIGN	requires mu parameter
guided_backprop_x_sign_mu_0	Guided Backpropagation x SIGN	mu = 0
guided_backprop_x_sign_mu_0_5	Guided Backpropagation x SIGN	mu = 0.5
guided_backprop_x_sign_mu_neg_0_5	Guided Backpropagation x SIGN	mu = -0.5
integrated_gradients	Integrated Gradients
smoothgrad	SmoothGrad
smoothgrad_x_sign	SmoothGrad x SIGN	mu = 0
smoothgrad_x_sign_mu	SmoothGrad x SIGN	requires mu parameter
smoothgrad_x_sign_mu_0	SmoothGrad x SIGN	mu = 0
smoothgrad_x_sign_mu_0_5	SmoothGrad x SIGN	mu = 0.5
smoothgrad_x_sign_mu_neg_0_5	SmoothGrad x SIGN	mu = -0.5
vargrad	VarGrad
deconvnet	DeconvNet
deconvnet_x_sign	DeconvNet x SIGN	mu = 0
deconvnet_x_sign_mu	DeconvNet x SIGN	requires mu parameter
deconvnet_x_sign_mu_0	DeconvNet x SIGN	mu = 0
deconvnet_x_sign_mu_0_5	DeconvNet x SIGN	mu = 0.5
deconvnet_x_sign_mu_neg_0_5	DeconvNet x SIGN	mu = -0.5
grad_cam	Grad-CAM	requires last_conv parameter
grad_cam_timeseries	Grad-CAM	(for time series data), requires last_conv parameter
grad_cam_VGG16ILSVRC		last_conv based on VGG16
guided_grad_cam_VGG16ILSVRC		last_conv based on VGG16
lrp_z	LRP-z
lrpsign_z	LRP-z / LRP-SIGN (Inputlayer-Rule)
zblrp_z_VGG16ILSVRC	LRP-z / LRP-ZB (Inputlayer-Rule)	bounds based on ImageNet
w2lrp_z	LRP-z / LRP-w² (Inputlayer-Rule)
flatlrp_z	LRP-z / LRP-flat (Inputlayer-Rule)
lrp_epsilon_0_001	LRP-epsilon	epsilon = 0.001
lrpsign_epsilon_0_001	LRP-epsilon / LRP-SIGN (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 0.001
zblrp_epsilon_0_001_VGG16ILSVRC	LRP-epsilon / LRP-ZB (Inputlayer-Rule)	bounds based on ImageNet, epsilon = 0.001
lrpz_epsilon_0_001	LRP-epsilon / LRP-z (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 0.001
lrp_epsilon_0_01	LRP-epsilon	epsilon = 0.01
lrpsign_epsilon_0_01	LRP-epsilon / LRP-SIGN (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 0.01
zblrp_epsilon_0_01_VGG16ILSVRC	LRP-epsilon / LRP-ZB (Inputlayer-Rule)	bounds based on ImageNet, epsilon = 0.01
lrpz_epsilon_0_01	LRP-epsilon / LRP-z (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 0.01
w2lrp_epsilon_0_01	LRP-epsilon / LRP-w² (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 0.01
flatlrp_epsilon_0_01	LRP-epsilon / LRP-flat (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 0.01
lrp_epsilon_0_1	LRP-epsilon	epsilon = 0.1
lrpsign_epsilon_0_1	LRP-epsilon / LRP-SIGN (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 0.1
zblrp_epsilon_0_1_VGG16ILSVRC	LRP-epsilon / LRP-ZB (Inputlayer-Rule)	bounds based on ImageNet, epsilon = 0.1
lrpz_epsilon_0_1	LRP-epsilon / LRP-z (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 0.1
w2lrp_epsilon_0_1	LRP-epsilon / LRP-w² (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 0.1
flatlrp_epsilon_0_1	LRP-epsilon / LRP-flat (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 0.1
lrp_epsilon_0_2	LRP-epsilon	epsilon = 0.2
lrpsign_epsilon_0_2	LRP-epsilon / LRP-SIGN (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 0.2
zblrp_epsilon_0_2_VGG16ILSVRC	LRP-epsilon / LRP-ZB (Inputlayer-Rule)	bounds based on ImageNet, epsilon = 0.2
lrpz_epsilon_0_2	LRP-epsilon / LRP-z (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 0.2
lrp_epsilon_0_5	LRP-epsilon	epsilon = 0.5
lrpsign_epsilon_0_5	LRP-epsilon / LRP-SIGN (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 0.5
zblrp_epsilon_0_5_VGG16ILSVRC	LRP-epsilon / LRP-ZB (Inputlayer-Rule)	bounds based on ImageNet, epsilon = 0.5
lrpz_epsilon_0_5	LRP-epsilon / LRP-z (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 0.5
lrp_epsilon_1	LRP-epsilon	epsilon = 1
lrpsign_epsilon_1	LRP-epsilon / LRP-SIGN (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 1
zblrp_epsilon_1_VGG16ILSVRC	LRP-epsilon / LRP-ZB (Inputlayer-Rule)	bounds based on ImageNet, epsilon = 1
lrpz_epsilon_1	LRP-epsilon / LRP-z (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 1
w2lrp_epsilon_1	LRP-epsilon / LRP-w² (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 1
flatlrp_epsilon_1	LRP-epsilon / LRP-flat (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 1
lrp_epsilon_5	LRP-epsilon	epsilon = 5
lrpsign_epsilon_5	LRP-epsilon / LRP-SIGN (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 5
zblrp_epsilon_5_VGG16ILSVRC	LRP-epsilon / LRP-ZB (Inputlayer-Rule)	bounds based on ImageNet, epsilon = 5
lrpz_epsilon_5	LRP-epsilon / LRP-z (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 5
lrp_epsilon_10	LRP-epsilon	epsilon = 10
lrpsign_epsilon_10	LRP-epsilon / LRP-SIGN (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 10
zblrp_epsilon_10_VGG106ILSVRC	LRP-epsilon / LRP-ZB (Inputlayer-Rule)	bounds based on ImageNet, epsilon = 10
lrpz_epsilon_10	LRP-epsilon / LRP-z (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 10
w2lrp_epsilon_10	LRP-epsilon / LRP-w² (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 10
flatlrp_epsilon_10	LRP-epsilon / LRP-flat (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 10
lrp_epsilon_20	LRP-epsilon	epsilon = 20
lrpsign_epsilon_20	LRP-epsilon / LRP-SIGN (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 20
zblrp_epsilon_20_VGG206ILSVRC	LRP-epsilon / LRP-ZB (Inputlayer-Rule)	bounds based on ImageNet, epsilon = 20
lrpz_epsilon_20	LRP-epsilon / LRP-z (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 20
w2lrp_epsilon_20	LRP-epsilon / LRP-w² (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 20
flatlrp_epsilon_20	LRP-epsilon / LRP-flat (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 20
lrp_epsilon_50	LRP-epsilon	epsilon = 50
lrpsign_epsilon_50	LRP-epsilon / LRP-SIGN (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 50
lrpz_epsilon_50	LRP-epsilon / LRP-z (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 50
lrp_epsilon_75	LRP-epsilon	epsilon = 75
lrpsign_epsilon_75	LRP-epsilon / LRP-SIGN (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 75
lrpz_epsilon_75	LRP-epsilon / LRP-z (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 75
lrp_epsilon_100	LRP-epsilon	epsilon = 100
lrpsign_epsilon_100	LRP-epsilon / LRP-SIGN (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 100, mu = 0
lrpsign_epsilon_100_mu_0	LRP-epsilon / LRP-SIGN (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 100, mu = 0
lrpsign_epsilon_100_mu_0_5	LRP-epsilon / LRP-SIGN (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 100, mu = 0.5
lrpsign_epsilon_100_mu_neg_0_5	LRP-epsilon / LRP-SIGN (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 100, mu = -0.5
lrpz_epsilon_100	LRP-epsilon / LRP-z (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 100
zblrp_epsilon_100_VGG16ILSVRC	LRP-epsilon / LRP-ZB (Inputlayer-Rule)	bounds based on ImageNet, epsilon = 100
w2lrp_epsilon_100	LRP-epsilon / LRP-w² (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 100
flatlrp_epsilon_100	LRP-epsilon / LRP-flat (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 100
lrp_epsilon_0_1_std_x	LRP-epsilon	epsilon = 0.1 * std(x)
lrpsign_epsilon_0_1_std_x	LRP-epsilon / LRP-SIGN (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 0.1 * std(x)
lrpz_epsilon_0_1_std_x	LRP-epsilon / LRP-z (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 0.1 * std(x)
zblrp_epsilon_0_1_std_x_VGG16ILSVRC	LRP-epsilon / LRP-ZB (Inputlayer-Rule)	bounds based on ImageNet, epsilon = 0.1 * std(x)
w2lrp_epsilon_0_1_std_x	LRP-epsilon / LRP-w² (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 0.1 * std(x)
flatlrp_epsilon_0_1_std_x	LRP-epsilon / LRP-flat (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 0.1 * std(x)
lrp_epsilon_0_25_std_x	LRP-epsilon	epsilon = 0.25 * std(x)
lrpsign_epsilon_0_25_std_x	LRP-epsilon / LRP-SIGN (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 0.25 * std(x), mu = 0
lrpz_epsilon_0_25_std_x	LRP-epsilon / LRP-z (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 0.25 * std(x)
zblrp_epsilon_0_25_std_x_VGG256ILSVRC	LRP-epsilon / LRP-ZB (Inputlayer-Rule)	bounds based on ImageNet, epsilon = 0.25 * std(x)
w2lrp_epsilon_0_25_std_x	LRP-epsilon / LRP-w² (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 0.25 * std(x)
flatlrp_epsilon_0_25_std_x	LRP-epsilon / LRP-flat (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 0.25 * std(x)
lrpsign_epsilon_0_25_std_x_mu_0	LRP-epsilon / LRP-SIGN (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 0.25 * std(x), mu = 0
lrpsign_epsilon_0_25_std_x_mu_0_5	LRP-epsilon / LRP-SIGN (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 0.25 * std(x), mu = 0.5
lrpsign_epsilon_0_25_std_x_mu_neg_0_5	LRP-epsilon / LRP-SIGN (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 0.25 * std(x), mu = -0.5
lrp_epsilon_0_5_std_x	LRP-epsilon	epsilon = 0.5 * std(x)
lrpsign_epsilon_0_5_std_x	LRP-epsilon / LRP-SIGN (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 0.5 * std(x)
lrpz_epsilon_0_5_std_x	LRP-epsilon / LRP-z (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 0.5 * std(x)
zblrp_epsilon_0_5_std_x_VGG56ILSVRC	LRP-epsilon / LRP-ZB (Inputlayer-Rule)	bounds based on ImageNet, epsilon = 0.5 * std(x)
w2lrp_epsilon_0_5_std_x	LRP-epsilon / LRP-w² (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 0.5 * std(x)
flatlrp_epsilon_0_5_std_x	LRP-epsilon / LRP-flat (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 0.5 * std(x)
lrp_epsilon_1_std_x	LRP-epsilon	epsilon = 1 * std(x)
lrpsign_epsilon_1_std_x	LRP-epsilon / LRP-SIGN (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 1 * std(x), mu = 0
lrpz_epsilon_1_std_x	LRP-epsilon / LRP-z (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 1 * std(x)
lrp_epsilon_2_std_x	LRP-epsilon	epsilon = 2 * std(x)
lrpsign_epsilon_2_std_x	LRP-epsilon / LRP-SIGN (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 2 * std(x), mu = 0
lrpz_epsilon_2_std_x	LRP-epsilon / LRP-z (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 2 * std(x)
lrp_epsilon_3_std_x	LRP-epsilon	epsilon = 3 * std(x)
lrpsign_epsilon_3_std_x	LRP-epsilon / LRP-SIGN (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 3 * std(x), mu = 0
lrpz_epsilon_3_std_x	LRP-epsilon / LRP-z (Inputlayer-Rule)	epsilon = 3 * std(x)
lrp_alpha_1_beta_0	LRP-alpha-beta	alpha = 1, beta = 0
lrpsign_alpha_1_beta_0	LRP-alpha-beta / LRP-SIGN (Inputlayer-Rule)	alpha = 1, beta = 0, mu = 0
lrpz_alpha_1_beta_0	LRP-alpha-beta / LRP-z (Inputlayer-Rule)	alpha = 1, beta = 0
zblrp_alpha_1_beta_0_VGG16ILSVRC		bounds based on ImageNet, alpha = 1, beta = 0
w2lrp_alpha_1_beta_0	LRP-alpha-beta / LRP-ZB (Inputlayer-Rule)	alpha = 1, beta = 0
flatlrp_alpha_1_beta_0	LRP-alpha-beta / LRP-flat (Inputlayer-Rule)	alpha = 1, beta = 0
lrp_sequential_composite_a	LRP Comosite Variant A
lrpsign_sequential_composite_a	LRP Comosite Variant A / LRP-SIGN (Inputlayer-Rule)	mu = 0
lrpz_sequential_composite_a	LRP Comosite Variant A / LRP-z (Inputlayer-Rule)
zblrp_sequential_composite_a_VGG16ILSVRC		bounds based on ImageNet
w2lrp_sequential_composite_a	LRP Comosite Variant A / LRP-ZB (Inputlayer-Rule)
flatlrp_sequential_composite_a	LRP Comosite Variant A / LRP-flat (Inputlayer-Rule)
lrp_sequential_composite_b	LRP Comosite Variant B
lrpsign_sequential_composite_b	LRP Comosite Variant B / LRP-SIGN (Inputlayer-Rule)	mu = 0
lrpz_sequential_composite_b	LRP Comosite Variant B / LRP-z (Inputlayer-Rule)
zblrp_sequential_composite_b_VGG16ILSVRC		bounds based on ImageNet
w2lrp_sequential_composite_b	LRP Comosite Variant B / LRP-ZB (Inputlayer-Rule)
flatlrp_sequential_composite_b	LRP Comosite Variant B / LRP-flat (Inputlayer-Rule)