xnano

A simple python tui framework built on top of the ratatui and tachyonfx rust libraries.

[!NOTE] Documentation with examples that are runnable & editable in-browser are now available at https://xnano.hammad.app!

xnano is a modern, lightweight and incredibly declarative TUI framework for Python. It is built on top of the xnano-core rust library, which provides the core rendering and event handling capabilities through:

• ratatui A Rust library for building terminal user interfaces.
• tachyonfx Rust library for adding effects and animations to ratatui applications.

Furthermore, xnano itself uses the pydantic-core library for type validation and similar operations.

Installation

pip install "xnano>=1.2.1"

Or use uv:

uv add "xnano>=1.2.1"

[!TIP] Try running the python -m xnano or uv run xnano commands to test out the built in demo application.

uv run xnano

Examples

You can view the code for these examples here: examples.

Your first render

The easiest way to get started is the print-like render() helper — no session, no event loop. It writes styled content to the terminal and returns.

from xnano import render
from xnano.components.text import Text

render(
    Text("Hello from xnano!", foreground="violet", modifiers=["bold"])
)

You can pass multiple renderables — they stack vertically:

from xnano import render
from xnano.components.text import Text

render(
    Text("● Done: ", foreground="emerald-400", modifiers=["bold"]),
    Text("All 12 checks passed.", foreground="slate-400"),
)

Styled text

Text composes rich inline content with colors, modifiers, and nesting:

from xnano import render
from xnano.components.text import Text

message = Text([
    Text("● ", foreground="emerald-400"),
    Text("Done: ", foreground="white", modifiers=["bold"]),
    Text("all tests passed\n", foreground="slate-300"),
])

render(message)

Colors accept Tailwind names ("violet-500"), hex strings ("#a78bfa"), or plain names ("white", "red"). The deprecated color= alias still works at runtime and maps to foreground=.

Hello World

The minimal xnano app. Define a BaseGrid subclass with annotated Field slots, then pass an instance to Terminal().run(). The terminal takes over the screen, renders each frame, and cleans up on exit.

from xnano.grids import BaseGrid
from xnano.fields import Field
from xnano.terminal import Terminal
from xnano.context import Context
from xnano.hooks import on_tick, on_keyboard

class App(BaseGrid):
    message: str = Field(
        default="Hello, world!",
        foreground="sky-500",
    )
    current_color: str = Field(default="sky", state=True)

    @on_tick(1000)
    def update_color(self) -> None:
        if self.current_color == "sky":
            self.current_color = "white"
            self.grid_set_field("message", foreground="white")
        else:
            self.current_color = "sky"
            self.grid_set_field(
                "message",
                foreground="sky-500",
            )

    @on_keyboard("q")
    def quit(self, ctx: Context) -> None:
        ctx.terminal.request_exit()

Terminal().run(App())

Strict Type Safety

Any field with a type annotation is set with Field(strict=True) and is validated through the pydantic-core library by default.

Layout & Nesting

Grids compose naturally — nest one BaseGrid inside another as a Field value. Direction ("horizontal" / "vertical") and gap control how fields are laid out. Use width / height (absolute cells, "50%", or "1fr") to proportion each slot.

from xnano.grids import BaseGrid
from xnano.fields import Field
from xnano.terminal import Terminal
from xnano.context import Context
from xnano.hooks import on_keyboard

class SidebarTitle(BaseGrid, align="center"):
    title: str = Field("This is a title.", align="center")

class Sidebar(BaseGrid, direction="vertical"):
    title: SidebarTitle = Field(
        default_factory=SidebarTitle,
        height="10%",
    )
    nav: str = Field(default="- Home", height="1fr")

class App(BaseGrid, direction="horizontal", gap=1):
    sidebar: Sidebar = Field(
        default_factory=Sidebar,
        width="25%",
    )
    content: str = Field(
        default="Main area",
        width="1fr",
        border="rounded",
    )

    @on_keyboard("q")
    def quit(self, ctx: Context) -> None:
        ctx.terminal.request_exit()

Terminal().run(App())

Keyboard Events

Use @on_keyboard to bind methods to key names or sequences. The decorated method receives an optional Context argument that exposes the live terminal. State fields (state=True) hold app data without rendering — update them and reference them from layout fields.

from xnano.grids import BaseGrid
from xnano.fields import Field
from xnano.terminal import Terminal
from xnano.context import Context
from xnano.hooks import on_keyboard

class Counter(BaseGrid, direction="vertical", gap=1):
    label: str = Field(
        default="Count: 0",
        height=1,
        border="rounded",
        border_color="violet-500",
    )
    hint: str = Field(
        default="  ↑ / ↓ to count  ·  q to quit",
        height=1,
        foreground="slate-500",
    )
    count: int = Field(default=0, state=True)

    @on_keyboard("up")
    def increment(self) -> None:
        self.count += 1
        self.label = f"Count: {self.count}"

    @on_keyboard("down")
    def decrement(self) -> None:
        self.count -= 1
        self.label = f"Count: {self.count}"

    @on_keyboard("q")
    def quit(self, ctx: Context) -> None:
        ctx.terminal.request_exit()

Terminal().run(Counter())

Click Handlers

Live terminal sessions enable mouse input by default. Use @on_click("field_name") to scope a handler to the rendered area of a specific field — the handler fires only when that region is clicked.

from xnano.grids import BaseGrid
from xnano.fields import Field
from xnano.terminal import Terminal
from xnano.context import Context
from xnano.hooks import on_click, on_keyboard

class App(BaseGrid, direction="vertical", gap=1):
    button: str = Field(
        default="  [ Click me ]  ",
        height=3,
        border="rounded",
        border_color="violet-500",
    )
    status: str = Field(
        default="  Waiting...",
        height=1,
        foreground="slate-400",
    )

    @on_click("button")
    def on_button(self, ctx: Context) -> None:
        self.status = "  Clicked!"

    @on_keyboard("q")
    def quit(self, ctx: Context) -> None:
        ctx.terminal.request_exit()

Terminal().run(App())

Timed Updates

@on_tick(interval_ms) fires a method on a recurring timer. Use it for clocks, progress indicators, polling, or any periodic UI refresh without blocking the event loop.

import time
from xnano.grids import BaseGrid
from xnano.fields import Field
from xnano.terminal import Terminal
from xnano.context import Context
from xnano.hooks import on_tick, on_keyboard

class Clock(BaseGrid, direction="vertical", gap=1):
    time_display: str = Field(
        default="",
        height=3,
        border="rounded",
        border_color="teal-500",
        title=" Clock ",
    )
    hint: str = Field(
        default="  q to quit",
        height=1,
        foreground="slate-500",
    )

    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
        self.time_display = f"  {time.strftime('%H:%M:%S')}"

    @on_tick(1000)
    def update_time(self) -> None:
        self.time_display = f"  {time.strftime('%H:%M:%S')}"

    @on_keyboard("q")
    def quit(self, ctx: Context) -> None:
        ctx.terminal.request_exit()

Terminal(tick_interval=1000).run(Clock())

State & Context Manager

Pass any object as state to Terminal to thread shared data through the session. Every BaseGrid instance can read it via self.state. Override grid_render() to recompute field values once per frame — useful when display depends on state that changes externally.

from dataclasses import dataclass
from xnano.grids import BaseGrid
from xnano.fields import Field
from xnano.terminal import Terminal
from xnano.context import Context
from xnano.hooks import on_keyboard

@dataclass
class AppState:
    username: str = "guest"

class App(BaseGrid, direction="vertical", gap=1):
    header: str = Field(
        default="",
        height=1,
        foreground="white",
        background="violet-900",
    )
    body: str = Field(
        default="Press q to quit",
        foreground="slate-400",
    )

    def grid_render(self) -> None:
        self.header = f"  Hello, {self.state.username}!"

    @on_keyboard("q")
    def quit(self, ctx: Context) -> None:
        ctx.terminal.request_exit()

with Terminal(state=AppState(username="hammad")) as t:
    t.run(App())

Custom Components

Subclass Component and implement compose() to return interface-neutral content (for example a TextBlock, Panel, TableGrid, or Canvas). Components slot into BaseGrid fields like any other value.

import dataclasses
from xnano.grids import BaseGrid
from xnano.fields import Field
from xnano.terminal import Terminal
from xnano.context import Context
from xnano.hooks import on_keyboard
from xnano.components.component import Component
from xnano.core.content import TextBlock

@dataclasses.dataclass
class Badge(Component):
    label: str = ""
    foreground: str = "white"

    def compose(self, ctx):
        return TextBlock.from_plain(
            self.label,
            color=self.foreground,
        )

class StatusBoard(BaseGrid, direction="vertical", gap=1):
    ok: Badge = Field(
        default_factory=lambda: Badge(
            label="● OK",
            foreground="emerald-500",
        ),
        height=1,
    )
    warn: Badge = Field(
        default_factory=lambda: Badge(
            label="● Warning",
            foreground="yellow",
        ),
        height=1,
    )
    err: Badge = Field(
        default_factory=lambda: Badge(
            label="● Error",
            foreground="palevioletred",
        ),
        height=1,
    )

    @on_keyboard("q")
    def quit(self, ctx: Context) -> None:
        ctx.terminal.request_exit()

Terminal().run(StatusBoard())