Introduction
Python language bindings for Selenium WebDriver.
The selenium package is used to automate web browser interaction from Python.
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Updated documentation published with each commit is available at: readthedocs.io
Supported Python Versions
Python 3.10+
Supported Browsers
Several browsers are supported, as well as the Remote protocol:
Chrome
Edge
Firefox
Safari
WebKitGTK
WPEWebKit
Installing
Install or upgrade the Python bindings with pip <https://pip.pypa.io/>.
Latest official release:
pip install -U selenium
Nightly development release:
pip install -U --index-url https://test.pypi.org/simple/ --extra-index-url https://pypi.org/simple/ selenium
Note: you should consider using a virtual environment to create an isolated Python environment for installation.
Drivers
Selenium requires a driver to interface with the chosen browser (chromedriver, edgedriver, geckodriver, etc).
In older versions of Selenium, it was necessary to install and manage these drivers yourself. You had to make sure the driver executable was available on your system PATH, or specified explicitly in code. Modern versions of Selenium handle browser and driver installation for you with Selenium Manager. You generally don’t have to worry about driver installation or configuration now that it’s done for you when you instantiate a WebDriver. Selenium Manager works with most supported platforms and browsers. If it doesn’t meet your needs, you can still install and specify browsers and drivers yourself.
Links to some of the more popular browser drivers:
Chrome: |
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Edge: |
https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-edge/tools/webdriver |
Firefox: |
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Safari: |
Example 0:
launch a new Chrome browser
load a web page
close the browser
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://selenium.dev")
driver.quit()Example 1:
launch a new Chrome browser
load the Selenium documentation page
find the “WebDriver” link
click the “WebDriver” link
close the browser
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://selenium.dev/documentation")
assert "Selenium" in driver.title
elem = driver.find_element(By.ID, "m-documentationwebdriver")
elem.click()
assert "WebDriver" in driver.title
driver.quit()Example 2:
Selenium WebDriver is often used as a basis for testing web applications. Here is an example using Python’s standard unittest framework:
import unittest
from selenium import webdriver
class SeleniumTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()
self.addCleanup(self.driver.quit)
def test_page_title(self):
self.driver.get("https://selenium.dev")
self.assertIn("Selenium", self.driver.title)Example 3:
Here is an example using pytest framework:
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
@pytest.fixture
def driver():
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
yield driver
driver.quit()
def test_page_title(driver):
driver.get("https://selenium.dev")
assert "Selenium" in driver.titleSelenium Grid (optional)
For local Selenium scripts, the Java server is not needed.
To use Selenium remotely, you need to also run a Selenium Grid. For information on running Selenium Grid: https://selenium.dev/documentation/grid/getting_started/
To use Remote WebDriver see: https://selenium.dev/documentation/webdriver/drivers/remote_webdriver/?tab=python
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